Match the following :ActionMuscles Acting During Exercise(1) Flattens(a) Scalene(2) Raises Ribs(b) Sternocleidomustoid(3) Elevates first and second ribs(c) Diaphragm(4) Elevates sternum(d) External intracostals

The correct matching is (1)-(c), (2)-(d), (3)-(a), (4)-(b).The diaphragm flattens as it contracts, enlarging the chest from top to bottom.The external intercostals (printed 'intracostals') raise the ribs, widening the chest.The scalenes elevate the first and second ribs.The sternocleidomastoid elevates the sternum during forced breathing.The other codes misplace the scalenes or the intercostals; for example, the first gives the scalenes the job of raising the ribs generally.

Exercise Physiology Questions and Answers

Q: Volume of air remaining at end of maximal expiration is :

The air left after a maximal expiration is the Residual volume (RV).Even after breathing out as hard as possible, about 1.0-1.2 litres of air remains in the lungs of an adult. This residual volume keeps the alveoli from collapsing and cannot be measured by simple spirometry.The other volumes are different. Expiratory reserve volume is the extra air that can be forced out after a normal breath out, inspiratory reserve volume is the extra air that can be drawn in after a normal breath in, and tidal volume is the air moved in a normal breath.

Q: The study of the physical laws governing blood flow is :

The study is Hemodynamics.Haemodynamics applies the physics of fluid flow to the circulation: how blood flow depends on pressure differences, the resistance of vessels (which varies with vessel radius and blood viscosity, as in Poiseuille's law) and the pumping of the heart.Pneumatics is the mechanics of gases, and hydraulics the engineering of liquids in pipes, not specifically blood. Haemodilution is a fall in the concentration of blood cells because plasma volume increases, which is a condition, not a branch of study.

Q: An increase in stroke volume in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart ventricle during diastole is ............. law of the heart.

This is Starling's law of the heart, printed 'Sterling's'.The Frank-Starling law states that the more the ventricle is filled during diastole (the greater the end-diastolic volume), the more its muscle fibres are stretched and the more forcefully they contract, so stroke volume rises. During exercise, increased venous return uses this mechanism to raise cardiac output.Boyle's and Charles' laws concern gases (pressure-volume and volume-temperature), relevant to breathing but not to the heart, and Newton's laws concern motion.

Q: A hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas that causes increased blood glucose levels is ..........

The hormone is Glucagon.The alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete glucagon when blood glucose falls, for example during fasting or prolonged exercise. Glucagon makes the liver break down glycogen and make new glucose, raising blood glucose. Insulin, from the beta cells, has the opposite effect.The other options are not hormones. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose for energy, glycogenolysis the breakdown of glycogen to glucose (a process glucagon stimulates), and osmosis the movement of water across a membrane.

Q: The diffusion through a semipermeable membrane of a solvent from lower to more concentrated solution is ...........

The process is Osmosis.Osmosis is the movement of a solvent, usually water, through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated (more dilute) solution to a more concentrated one, until the concentrations tend to equalise. It is how water moves between body cells and the fluid around them.Diffusion is the more general movement of particles from high to low concentration, without a membrane being necessary. Oxygen debt is the extra oxygen consumed after exercise, and dyspnoea is difficult or laboured breathing.

Q: Lack of adequate oxygen due to reduced oxygen partial pressure is .............

This is Hypoxia.Hypoxia means an inadequate supply of oxygen to the tissues. Hypoxic (altitude) hypoxia results from a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the inspired air, as at high altitude, which is why athletes at altitude perform worse in endurance events at first.Hyperoxia is an excess of oxygen, the opposite condition, and 'oxygen abundance' means the same. 'Hypotonic' describes a solution with a lower solute concentration than another, and has nothing to do with oxygen.

Q: Which factor influence the size principle in motor unit recruitment ?

The size principle is influenced by muscle fiber type.Henneman's size principle states that motor units are recruited in order of size, smallest first. Small motor units contain slow-twitch (type I) fibres, which are fatigue resistant, and are recruited for light efforts; larger units with fast-twitch (type II) fibres are added as force demands rise.So the order of recruitment follows fibre type. Fibre colour is only a sign of type, while fibre length and temperature do not set the recruitment order.

Q: During glycolysis, glucose is converted into :

In glycolysis glucose is converted into Pyruvate.Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and splits one six-carbon glucose molecule into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules, with a net gain of two ATP and two NADH.What happens next depends on oxygen: with enough oxygen pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA and enters the Krebs cycle; without it, pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid. Both are later steps, and ATP is a product of glycolysis, not what glucose is converted into.

Q: What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle (Krebs' Cycle) in cellular respiration ?

The key gives production of ATP.The citric acid (Krebs) cycle, in the mitochondria, oxidises acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide. Each turn yields one ATP (or GTP) directly and, more importantly, the reduced carriers NADH and FADH2, which drive the electron transport chain to make most of the ATP of aerobic respiration. Its role in respiration is thus to release energy for ATP production.Glucose itself is broken down first in glycolysis, protein synthesis takes place on ribosomes, and fatty acids are broken down by beta-oxidation before entering the cycle as acetyl-CoA.

51.

Volume of air remaining at end of maximal expiration is :

A.Residual volume (RV)
B.Expiratory Reserved Volume (ERV)
C.Inspiratory Reserved Volume (IRV)
D.Tidal Volume (TV)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: A

The air left after a maximal expiration is the Residual volume (RV).

Even after breathing out as hard as possible, about 1.0-1.2 litres of air remains in the lungs of an adult. This residual volume keeps the alveoli from collapsing and cannot be measured by simple spirometry.

The other volumes are different. Expiratory reserve volume is the extra air that can be forced out after a normal breath out, inspiratory reserve volume is the extra air that can be drawn in after a normal breath in, and tidal volume is the air moved in a normal breath.

Discuss in Forum

52.

Match the following :

Action	Muscles Acting During Exercise
(1) Flattens	(a) Scalene
(2) Raises Ribs	(b) Sternocleidomustoid
(3) Elevates first and second ribs	(c) Diaphragm
(4) Elevates sternum	(d) External intracostals

A.(1)-(c), (2)-(a), (3)-(d), (4)-(b)
B.(1)-(a), (2)-(b), (3)-(c), (4)-(d)
C.(1)-(c), (2)-(b), (3)-(d), (4)-(a)
D.(1)-(c), (2)-(d), (3)-(a), (4)-(b)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: D

The correct matching is (1)-(c), (2)-(d), (3)-(a), (4)-(b).

The diaphragm flattens as it contracts, enlarging the chest from top to bottom.
The external intercostals (printed 'intracostals') raise the ribs, widening the chest.
The scalenes elevate the first and second ribs.
The sternocleidomastoid elevates the sternum during forced breathing.

The other codes misplace the scalenes or the intercostals; for example, the first gives the scalenes the job of raising the ribs generally.

Discuss in Forum

53.

The study of the physical laws governing blood flow is :

A.Pneumatics
B.Hydraulics
C.Hemodynamics
D.Hemodilution

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: C

The study is Hemodynamics.

Haemodynamics applies the physics of fluid flow to the circulation: how blood flow depends on pressure differences, the resistance of vessels (which varies with vessel radius and blood viscosity, as in Poiseuille's law) and the pumping of the heart.

Pneumatics is the mechanics of gases, and hydraulics the engineering of liquids in pipes, not specifically blood. Haemodilution is a fall in the concentration of blood cells because plasma volume increases, which is a condition, not a branch of study.

Discuss in Forum

54.

An increase in stroke volume in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart ventricle during diastole is ............. law of the heart.

A.Boyle's
B.Charles'
C.Sterling's
D.Newton's

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: C

This is Starling's law of the heart, printed 'Sterling's'.

The Frank-Starling law states that the more the ventricle is filled during diastole (the greater the end-diastolic volume), the more its muscle fibres are stretched and the more forcefully they contract, so stroke volume rises. During exercise, increased venous return uses this mechanism to raise cardiac output.

Boyle's and Charles' laws concern gases (pressure-volume and volume-temperature), relevant to breathing but not to the heart, and Newton's laws concern motion.

Discuss in Forum

55.

A hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas that causes increased blood glucose levels is ..........

A.Glucagon
B.Glycolysis
C.Glycogenolysis
D.Osmosis

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: A

The hormone is Glucagon.

The alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete glucagon when blood glucose falls, for example during fasting or prolonged exercise. Glucagon makes the liver break down glycogen and make new glucose, raising blood glucose. Insulin, from the beta cells, has the opposite effect.

The other options are not hormones. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose for energy, glycogenolysis the breakdown of glycogen to glucose (a process glucagon stimulates), and osmosis the movement of water across a membrane.

Discuss in Forum

56.

The diffusion through a semipermeable membrane of a solvent from lower to more concentrated solution is ...........

A.Osmosis
B.Diffusion
C.Oxygen debt
D.Dyspnea

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: A

The process is Osmosis.

Osmosis is the movement of a solvent, usually water, through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated (more dilute) solution to a more concentrated one, until the concentrations tend to equalise. It is how water moves between body cells and the fluid around them.

Diffusion is the more general movement of particles from high to low concentration, without a membrane being necessary. Oxygen debt is the extra oxygen consumed after exercise, and dyspnoea is difficult or laboured breathing.

Discuss in Forum

57.

Lack of adequate oxygen due to reduced oxygen partial pressure is .............

A.Hypoxia
B.Hyperoxia
C.Oxygen abundance
D.Hypotonic

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: A

This is Hypoxia.

Hypoxia means an inadequate supply of oxygen to the tissues. Hypoxic (altitude) hypoxia results from a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the inspired air, as at high altitude, which is why athletes at altitude perform worse in endurance events at first.

Hyperoxia is an excess of oxygen, the opposite condition, and 'oxygen abundance' means the same. 'Hypotonic' describes a solution with a lower solute concentration than another, and has nothing to do with oxygen.

Discuss in Forum

58.

Which factor influence the size principle in motor unit recruitment ?

A.Muscle fiber color
B.Muscle fiber length
C.Muscle fiber type
D.Muscle fiber temperature

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

The size principle is influenced by muscle fiber type.

Henneman's size principle states that motor units are recruited in order of size, smallest first. Small motor units contain slow-twitch (type I) fibres, which are fatigue resistant, and are recruited for light efforts; larger units with fast-twitch (type II) fibres are added as force demands rise.

So the order of recruitment follows fibre type. Fibre colour is only a sign of type, while fibre length and temperature do not set the recruitment order.

Discuss in Forum

59.

During glycolysis, glucose is converted into :

A.Pyruvate
B.Acetyl-CoA
C.Lactic Acid
D.ATP

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

In glycolysis glucose is converted into Pyruvate.

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and splits one six-carbon glucose molecule into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules, with a net gain of two ATP and two NADH.

What happens next depends on oxygen: with enough oxygen pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA and enters the Krebs cycle; without it, pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid. Both are later steps, and ATP is a product of glycolysis, not what glucose is converted into.

Discuss in Forum

60.

What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle (Krebs' Cycle) in cellular respiration ?

A.Production of ATP
B.Oxidation of glucose
C.Synthesis of proteins
D.Breakdown of fatty acids

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

The key gives production of ATP.

The citric acid (Krebs) cycle, in the mitochondria, oxidises acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide. Each turn yields one ATP (or GTP) directly and, more importantly, the reduced carriers NADH and FADH2, which drive the electron transport chain to make most of the ATP of aerobic respiration. Its role in respiration is thus to release energy for ATP production.

Glucose itself is broken down first in glycolysis, protein synthesis takes place on ribosomes, and fatty acids are broken down by beta-oxidation before entering the cycle as acetyl-CoA.

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