Match the List-I and List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :List-IList-II(a) Homer(1) Outline of Geography(b) Hecataeus(2) Historical Memoir(c) Strabo(3) Illiod and Odyssey(d) Ptolemy(4) Ges-Periodos

The correct matching is a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1.Homer: the Iliad and the Odyssey, the epics that preserve the earliest Greek picture of the known world.Hecataeus of Miletus: Ges Periodos ('Journey round the earth'), the first systematic description of the world, earning him the title of father of geography.Strabo: besides his seventeen-book Geographica, he wrote the Historical Memoirs, a history continuing Polybius.Ptolemy: the Geographike Hyphegesis, the 'Guide' or outline of geography, with its tables of latitudes and longitudes.Options that give Homer the Historical Memoir or put Hecataeus with anything other than Ges-Periodos are wrong; the option ending c-1, d-4 swaps Strabo and Ptolemy with the wrong works.

Geographic Thought Questions and Answers

Q: "The nature does not drive man along a particular road, but it offers a number of opportunities from among which man is free to select" is related to :

The statement expresses possibilism.Possibilism, developed by Vidal de la Blache and named by Lucien Febvre, holds that the environment sets limits and offers a range of possibilities, and that human beings choose among them according to their culture, technology and values. Saying that nature does not drive man along one road but offers opportunities from which he is free to select is exactly this view.Determinism, associated with Ratzel and Ellen Semple, makes the environment the controller of human activity, the opposite of free choice. Neo-determinism, Griffith Taylor's 'stop and go determinism', takes a middle path in which man may choose the pace but nature fixes the route, like traffic lights; since that keeps the road fixed by nature, both of those options are wrong too.

Q: The landscapes reflects two primal needs of man "Prospect and Refuge" was advocated by :

Prospect and refuge was advocated by Appleton.The British geographer Jay Appleton put forward prospect-refuge theory in The Experience of Landscape (1975). He argued that people find landscapes pleasing when they offer both prospect, an unimpeded view to see opportunities and dangers, and refuge, a place to hide, needs rooted in human survival as hunters and prey.The other geographers worked on other themes. Marwyn Samuels wrote on existential and biographical approaches in humanistic geography; R. J. Johnston is known for his histories of Anglo-American geography and for electoral geography; Edward Relph, presumably meant by 'Ralph', wrote Place and Placelessness. None of them proposed the prospect-refuge idea.

Q: Who has divided the Cosmography into Uranography and Geography ?

Cosmography was divided into uranography and geography by Humboldt.In Kosmos, Alexander von Humboldt set out a physical description of the whole universe. He divided this cosmography into uranography, the description of the heavens and celestial bodies, and geography, the description of the earth, so that geography became the terrestrial part of a single science of nature.The others are known for different ideas. Alfred Hettner defined geography as a chorological science of areal differentiation. Vidal de la Blache founded possibilism and the study of genre de vie. W. M. Davis gave the cycle of erosion in geomorphology. None of them made this division.

Q: Which of the following isms was greatly influenced by mythological literature ?

The ism most influenced by mythological literature is catastrophism.Catastrophism, the view that the earth's features were shaped by sudden, violent events such as great floods and upheavals, drew heavily on religious and mythological accounts, above all the Biblical flood, and fitted the belief in a young earth. It was displaced by Hutton's and Lyell's uniformitarianism.Determinism (or environmentalism) and possibilism are views about the relationship between people and their environment, built on observation and philosophy rather than on myth, so they are wrong.

Q: Which of the following is incorrect pair ?

The incorrect pair is Richard Peet : Possibilism.Richard Peet is a leading figure of radical (Marxist) geography, editor of Radical Geography (1977) and long associated with the journal Antipode. Possibilism is linked with Vidal de la Blache and Lucien Febvre.The other pairs are correct: Ellsworth Huntington argued in Civilization and Climate that climate shapes civilisation (determinism); Richard Hartshorne (spelt Hartshone here) defined geography as the study of areal differentiation in The Nature of Geography (1939); and Yi-Fu Tuan is a founder of humanistic geography.

Q: Which of the following statements is incorrect about contribution of Arab Geographers ?

The incorrect statement is Sun was considered as the centre of the universe.Arab geographers and astronomers followed Ptolemy's geocentric system, with the earth at the centre and the sun and planets moving around it. A heliocentric universe was set out convincingly only by Copernicus in 1543.The other statements reflect accepted Arab contributions: Arab astronomers of the ninth century, the tradition to which al-Battani (written Al Battam here) belonged, worked on measuring the size of the earth; al-Masudi described the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean; and Arab scholars explained tides through the influence of the moon and the sun.

Q: Which of the following statements is not correct ?

The statement that is not correct is Quantitative revolution does not have much scope for mathematical applications.The quantitative revolution of the 1950s and 1960s, led by geographers such as Schaefer, Garrison, Haggett and Chorley, was precisely the application of mathematics, statistics and models to geography, so this statement contradicts what the revolution was.The other statements are correct: it brought quantification, it changed geography's language of expression from description to mathematical and statistical terms, and it turned away from the older descriptive, regional method in favour of the search for laws and models.

Q: Assertion (A) : Ritter's concept of organic unity in nature was based on the principles of divine creation.Reason (R) : Ritter was teleological in his approach.

The answer is both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).Carl Ritter saw the earth as an organic whole whose parts were related in a harmonious unity, and he believed that unity was the work of a divine creator: the earth had been designed by God as the home and school of mankind. That is Assertion (A).Reason (R) names the approach behind it: Ritter was teleological, explaining the arrangement of the earth's features by the purpose they were meant to serve. Because his teleology is why he grounded the organic unity in divine design, (R) explains (A), and the options calling either statement false are wrong.

Q: Which of the following is not correct with reference to post-modernism in geography ?

The statement that does not fit post-modernism is Use of binary classification.Post-modernism in geography, from the 1980s, questions any single, universal way of explaining the world. It is sceptical of grand claims, rejects metanarratives or grand theories such as Marxism or positivist spatial science, and uses deconstruction to expose the assumptions hidden in texts and maps.Binary classifications (nature and culture, core and periphery, man and woman, self and other) are exactly what post-modernists set out to deconstruct, so using them is not a post-modern practice. The other three options are core features of the approach.

"The nature does not drive man along a particular road, but it offers a number of opportunities from among which man is free to select" is related to :

A.Determinism
B.Neo-determinism
C.Possibilism
D.Stop and Go Determinism

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

The statement expresses possibilism.

Possibilism, developed by Vidal de la Blache and named by Lucien Febvre, holds that the environment sets limits and offers a range of possibilities, and that human beings choose among them according to their culture, technology and values. Saying that nature does not drive man along one road but offers opportunities from which he is free to select is exactly this view.

Determinism, associated with Ratzel and Ellen Semple, makes the environment the controller of human activity, the opposite of free choice. Neo-determinism, Griffith Taylor's 'stop and go determinism', takes a middle path in which man may choose the pace but nature fixes the route, like traffic lights; since that keeps the road fixed by nature, both of those options are wrong too.

Discuss in Forum

The landscapes reflects two primal needs of man "Prospect and Refuge" was advocated by :

A.Appleton
B.Samuels
C.Johnston
D.Ralph

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

Prospect and refuge was advocated by Appleton.

The British geographer Jay Appleton put forward prospect-refuge theory in The Experience of Landscape (1975). He argued that people find landscapes pleasing when they offer both prospect, an unimpeded view to see opportunities and dangers, and refuge, a place to hide, needs rooted in human survival as hunters and prey.

The other geographers worked on other themes. Marwyn Samuels wrote on existential and biographical approaches in humanistic geography; R. J. Johnston is known for his histories of Anglo-American geography and for electoral geography; Edward Relph, presumably meant by 'Ralph', wrote Place and Placelessness. None of them proposed the prospect-refuge idea.

Discuss in Forum

Match the List-I and List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List-I	List-II
(a) Homer	(1) Outline of Geography
(b) Hecataeus	(2) Historical Memoir
(c) Strabo	(3) Illiod and Odyssey
(d) Ptolemy	(4) Ges-Periodos

A.a-3, b-2, c-4, d-1
B.a-2, b-1, c-3, d-4
C.a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1
D.a-3, b-2, c-1, d-4

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

The correct matching is a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1.

Homer: the Iliad and the Odyssey, the epics that preserve the earliest Greek picture of the known world.
Hecataeus of Miletus: Ges Periodos ('Journey round the earth'), the first systematic description of the world, earning him the title of father of geography.
Strabo: besides his seventeen-book Geographica, he wrote the Historical Memoirs, a history continuing Polybius.
Ptolemy: the Geographike Hyphegesis, the 'Guide' or outline of geography, with its tables of latitudes and longitudes.

Options that give Homer the Historical Memoir or put Hecataeus with anything other than Ges-Periodos are wrong; the option ending c-1, d-4 swaps Strabo and Ptolemy with the wrong works.

Discuss in Forum

Who has divided the Cosmography into Uranography and Geography ?

A.Hettner
B.Blache
C.Humboldt
D.Davis

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

Cosmography was divided into uranography and geography by Humboldt.

In Kosmos, Alexander von Humboldt set out a physical description of the whole universe. He divided this cosmography into uranography, the description of the heavens and celestial bodies, and geography, the description of the earth, so that geography became the terrestrial part of a single science of nature.

The others are known for different ideas. Alfred Hettner defined geography as a chorological science of areal differentiation. Vidal de la Blache founded possibilism and the study of genre de vie. W. M. Davis gave the cycle of erosion in geomorphology. None of them made this division.

Discuss in Forum

Which of the following isms was greatly influenced by mythological literature ?

A.Determinism
B.Possibilism
C.Catastrophism
D.Environmentalism

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

The ism most influenced by mythological literature is catastrophism.

Catastrophism, the view that the earth's features were shaped by sudden, violent events such as great floods and upheavals, drew heavily on religious and mythological accounts, above all the Biblical flood, and fitted the belief in a young earth. It was displaced by Hutton's and Lyell's uniformitarianism.

Determinism (or environmentalism) and possibilism are views about the relationship between people and their environment, built on observation and philosophy rather than on myth, so they are wrong.

Discuss in Forum

Which of the following is incorrect pair ?

A.Ellsworth Huntington : Determinism
B.Richard Hartshone : Areal differentiation
C.Yi-Fu Tuan : Humanistic Geography
D.Richard Peet : Possibilism

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

The incorrect pair is Richard Peet : Possibilism.

Richard Peet is a leading figure of radical (Marxist) geography, editor of Radical Geography (1977) and long associated with the journal Antipode. Possibilism is linked with Vidal de la Blache and Lucien Febvre.

The other pairs are correct: Ellsworth Huntington argued in Civilization and Climate that climate shapes civilisation (determinism); Richard Hartshorne (spelt Hartshone here) defined geography as the study of areal differentiation in The Nature of Geography (1939); and Yi-Fu Tuan is a founder of humanistic geography.

Discuss in Forum

Which of the following statements is incorrect about contribution of Arab Geographers ?

A.Al Battam measured the circumference of the earth
B.Al Masudi described Indian monsoon
C.Sun was considered as the centre of the universe
D.Tides are caused due to the gravitational pull of the sun and the moon

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

The incorrect statement is Sun was considered as the centre of the universe.

Arab geographers and astronomers followed Ptolemy's geocentric system, with the earth at the centre and the sun and planets moving around it. A heliocentric universe was set out convincingly only by Copernicus in 1543.

The other statements reflect accepted Arab contributions: Arab astronomers of the ninth century, the tradition to which al-Battani (written Al Battam here) belonged, worked on measuring the size of the earth; al-Masudi described the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean; and Arab scholars explained tides through the influence of the moon and the sun.

Discuss in Forum

Which of the following statements is not correct ?

A.Quantitative revolution leads to quantification
B.Quantitative revolution has changed the language of expression
C.Quantitative revolution discarded the descriptive method
D.Quantitative revolution does not have much scope for mathematical applications

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

The statement that is not correct is Quantitative revolution does not have much scope for mathematical applications.

The quantitative revolution of the 1950s and 1960s, led by geographers such as Schaefer, Garrison, Haggett and Chorley, was precisely the application of mathematics, statistics and models to geography, so this statement contradicts what the revolution was.

The other statements are correct: it brought quantification, it changed geography's language of expression from description to mathematical and statistical terms, and it turned away from the older descriptive, regional method in favour of the search for laws and models.

Discuss in Forum

Assertion (A) : Ritter's concept of organic unity in nature was based on the principles of divine creation.
Reason (R) : Ritter was teleological in his approach.

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
C.Both (A) and (R) are false
D.(A) is true and (R) is false

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The answer is both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Carl Ritter saw the earth as an organic whole whose parts were related in a harmonious unity, and he believed that unity was the work of a divine creator: the earth had been designed by God as the home and school of mankind. That is Assertion (A).

Reason (R) names the approach behind it: Ritter was teleological, explaining the arrangement of the earth's features by the purpose they were meant to serve. Because his teleology is why he grounded the organic unity in divine design, (R) explains (A), and the options calling either statement false are wrong.

Discuss in Forum

10.

Which of the following is not correct with reference to post-modernism in geography ?

A.Scepticism towards grand claims
B.Rejection of Metanarratives or grand theory
C.Deconstruction as a mode of critical interpretation
D.Use of binary classification

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: D

The statement that does not fit post-modernism is Use of binary classification.

Post-modernism in geography, from the 1980s, questions any single, universal way of explaining the world. It is sceptical of grand claims, rejects metanarratives or grand theories such as Marxism or positivist spatial science, and uses deconstruction to expose the assumptions hidden in texts and maps.

Binary classifications (nature and culture, core and periphery, man and woman, self and other) are exactly what post-modernists set out to deconstruct, so using them is not a post-modern practice. The other three options are core features of the approach.

Geographic Thought Questions and Answers

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