Name of scholars (List-I) and their contributions (List-II) are given below. Match List-I and List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :List IList II(a) Ptolemy(1) First who noted the delta forming process in large rivers(b) Strabo(2) Believed that Indian ocean was enclosed by joined coasts of Asia and Africa(c) Eratosthenes(3) Calculated the earth's circumference(d) Herodotus(4) Famous for his work, "Geographica"Codes : (a) (b) (c) (d)

The correct matching is (2) (4) (3) (1).Ptolemy believed that the Indian Ocean was an enclosed sea, bounded by a southern land joining Africa to Asia.Strabo is famous for his seventeen-book Geographica.Eratosthenes calculated the Earth's circumference from the Sun's angle at Syene and Alexandria.Herodotus described the Nile delta and the way rivers build deltas from their silt; the word delta for such a landform is traced to him.Option A gives the delta to Ptolemy and the circumference to Strabo, and options B and D misplace Ptolemy as well.

Geographic Thought Questions and Answers

Q: Which of the following is/are not correct with reference to Humanistic Geography ?(1) It is distinguished by the central and active role it accords to human awareness.(2) It induces geographers to take expeditions to the poorest and the most depressed areas with a view to obtaining unbiased first hand information about them.(3) It is an attempt toward understanding meaning, value and human significance of life events.(4) It is an expensive view of what the human person is and can do.

Only statement (2) is not correct, so the answer is (2) only.Statement (2) describes radical geography, not humanistic geography. Expeditions to the poorest and most depressed areas, to gather first-hand information about them, were the method of William Bunge's Detroit Geographical Expedition of the late 1960s, a radical project.Statements (1), (3) and (4) paraphrase the humanistic view, especially Yi-Fu Tuan's: it gives a central and active role to human awareness and experience, seeks the meaning, value and human significance of life events, and offers an expansive (the paper prints 'expensive') view of what the human person is and can do. So options naming (3) or (4) as incorrect are wrong.

Q: Which is the correct sequence of development that took place in the history of geography ?(1) Possibilism(2) Post-modernism(3) Behaviourism(4) Quantitative analysis in geographyCodes :

The correct sequence is (1), (4), (3) and (2): possibilism, quantitative analysis, behaviourism, post-modernism.Possibilism, from Vidal de la Blache and the French school, at the turn of the twentieth century.The quantitative revolution of the 1950s and 1960s.Behavioural geography, from the 1960s and 1970s, as a reaction to the quantitative models.Post-modernism, from the late 1980s.Option C puts behaviourism before the quantitative revolution it reacted against, and options A and D begin with the most recent movements.

Q: Outside the United States, which was the university where a major centre of quantitative-theoretical geography had developed ?

The centre was the University of Lund, Sweden.At Lund, Torsten Hagerstrand developed the quantitative study of spatial diffusion of innovations, using Monte Carlo simulation, in the early 1950s. Lund became the leading centre of quantitative-theoretical geography outside the United States and strongly influenced the American quantitative revolution.In Britain the quantitative approach was championed at Cambridge and Bristol, notably by Chorley, Haggett and Harvey, rather than at Oxford. Halle and Nancy have no comparable place in the history of the quantitative revolution.

Q: Which one of the following is known as the language of geography as spatial science ?

The language of geography as a spatial science is geometry.In the quantitative revolution geography was redefined as the science of spatial relations. William Bunge, in Theoretical Geography (1962), argued that geometry is the language of such a spatial science, because location, distance, direction and pattern are geometric properties; Harvey and Haggett took up the same view.Ecosystem, environment and landscape are concepts that geography studies, belonging to the ecological and regional traditions, not the formal language in which spatial science expresses its laws.

Q: Who is considered the originator of dualism between physical and human geography ?

The key gives Oscar Peschel.What could not be confirmed: general histories of geographical thought credit Bernhard Varenius with the early split between general and special geography and, with Kant, with the dualistic approach to physical and human geography, and none of the sources found names Peschel or George Gerland as the originator. One exam answer site gives Peschel as the answer while also saying that he did not originate the idea, so the attribution is the paper's own convention.Carl Ritter and Elisee Reclus are not credited with this dualism in any source found. Options A and C are therefore the weakest; the choice between Peschel and Gerland rests on the key, which is kept.

Q: By means of 'genre de vie' and other concepts which school of Human Geography replaced the exaggerated Ratzelian notions of environmental determinism by the elastic concept of possibilism ?

The school is the French school.Paul Vidal de la Blache and his followers, such as Jean Brunhes and Lucien Febvre, held that nature offers a range of possibilities and that people choose among them according to their way of life. Genre de vie was their term for the way of life of a group, its customs, techniques and traditions, which decides how it uses its environment. Febvre named this approach possibilism.The German school, led by Friedrich Ratzel and followed in America by Ellen Semple, was the home of environmental determinism, the view that possibilism replaced. The British and Dutch schools are not associated with genre de vie.

Q: Who for the first time clarified the relationship between special (Regional) and General (Systematic) Geography ?

The first to clarify this relationship was Varenius.Bernhardus Varenius, in Geographia Generalis (1650), divided geography into general geography, which studies the Earth as a whole and the laws that apply everywhere, and special geography, which describes particular regions. He stressed that the two depend on each other, laying the basis of the later systematic and regional approaches.Immanuel Kant lectured on physical geography a century later, and Alexander von Humboldt developed the systematic approach in the nineteenth century, both well after Varenius. The paper's 'Buscheng' (Busching) wrote descriptive regional geography, not this distinction.

Q: Who for the first time attempted a classification of plants and animals ?

The key gives John Ray.John Ray (1627-1705), the English naturalist, produced one of the first systematic classifications of plants, in his Historia Plantarum, and of animals, grouping organisms by their structure and defining the species as the basic unit. His work came before Linnaeus and is why he is credited with the first scientific classification of plants and animals.Count Buffon (1707-1788) wrote his Histoire Naturelle later, and George Forster (1754-1794), naturalist on Cook's second voyage, later still. James Rennell was the surveyor and cartographer of Bengal, not a naturalist.

31.

Assertion (A) : Behavioural geography laid importance to human activity in space, place and environment by studying it at the level of the individual person.
Reason (R) : Geographers in the Western societies discovered the utility of mental maps in understanding why spatial planning failed in most cases.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B.Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
C.(A) is true but (R) is false
D.(A) is false but (R) is true

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: C

The key treats the Assertion as true and the Reason as false.

The Assertion is the standard description of behavioural geography: reacting against the abstract 'economic man' of the quantitative models, it studied how individuals perceive, decide and act in space, place and environment, at the level of the individual person.

The Reason misstates why mental maps mattered. Behavioural geographers, such as Gould and White in Mental Maps (1974), used mental maps to understand how people perceive places and how those images shape their spatial preferences and decisions. They were not a discovery about why spatial planning failed in most cases, so the key marks the Reason false, which rules out every option treating both as true.

Discuss in Forum

32.

Which of the following is/are not correct with reference to Humanistic Geography ?

(1) It is distinguished by the central and active role it accords to human awareness.
(2) It induces geographers to take expeditions to the poorest and the most depressed areas with a view to obtaining unbiased first hand information about them.
(3) It is an attempt toward understanding meaning, value and human significance of life events.
(4) It is an expensive view of what the human person is and can do.

A.(2) and (3)
B.(3) and (4)
C.(2) only
D.(4) only

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: C

Only statement (2) is not correct, so the answer is (2) only.

Statement (2) describes radical geography, not humanistic geography. Expeditions to the poorest and most depressed areas, to gather first-hand information about them, were the method of William Bunge's Detroit Geographical Expedition of the late 1960s, a radical project.

Statements (1), (3) and (4) paraphrase the humanistic view, especially Yi-Fu Tuan's: it gives a central and active role to human awareness and experience, seeks the meaning, value and human significance of life events, and offers an expansive (the paper prints 'expensive') view of what the human person is and can do. So options naming (3) or (4) as incorrect are wrong.

Discuss in Forum

33.

Name of scholars (List-I) and their contributions (List-II) are given below. Match List-I and List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List I	List II
(a) Ptolemy	(1) First who noted the delta forming process in large rivers
(b) Strabo	(2) Believed that Indian ocean was enclosed by joined coasts of Asia and Africa
(c) Eratosthenes	(3) Calculated the earth's circumference
(d) Herodotus	(4) Famous for his work, "Geographica"

Codes : (a) (b) (c) (d)

A.(1) (3) (2) (4)
B.(3) (4) (1) (2)
C.(2) (4) (3) (1)
D.(4) (1) (2) (3)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: C

The correct matching is (2) (4) (3) (1).

Ptolemy believed that the Indian Ocean was an enclosed sea, bounded by a southern land joining Africa to Asia.
Strabo is famous for his seventeen-book Geographica.
Eratosthenes calculated the Earth's circumference from the Sun's angle at Syene and Alexandria.
Herodotus described the Nile delta and the way rivers build deltas from their silt; the word delta for such a landform is traced to him.

Option A gives the delta to Ptolemy and the circumference to Strabo, and options B and D misplace Ptolemy as well.

Discuss in Forum

34.

Which is the correct sequence of development that took place in the history of geography ?

(1) Possibilism
(2) Post-modernism
(3) Behaviourism
(4) Quantitative analysis in geography

Codes :

A.(2), (3), (4) and (1)
B.(1), (4), (3) and (2)
C.(1), (3), (4) and (2)
D.(4), (3), (2) and (1)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

The correct sequence is (1), (4), (3) and (2): possibilism, quantitative analysis, behaviourism, post-modernism.

Possibilism, from Vidal de la Blache and the French school, at the turn of the twentieth century.
The quantitative revolution of the 1950s and 1960s.
Behavioural geography, from the 1960s and 1970s, as a reaction to the quantitative models.
Post-modernism, from the late 1980s.

Option C puts behaviourism before the quantitative revolution it reacted against, and options A and D begin with the most recent movements.

Discuss in Forum

35.

Outside the United States, which was the university where a major centre of quantitative-theoretical geography had developed ?

A.Oxford University, UK
B.University of Halle, Germany
C.University of Nancy, France
D.University of Lund, Sweden

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: D

The centre was the University of Lund, Sweden.

At Lund, Torsten Hagerstrand developed the quantitative study of spatial diffusion of innovations, using Monte Carlo simulation, in the early 1950s. Lund became the leading centre of quantitative-theoretical geography outside the United States and strongly influenced the American quantitative revolution.

In Britain the quantitative approach was championed at Cambridge and Bristol, notably by Chorley, Haggett and Harvey, rather than at Oxford. Halle and Nancy have no comparable place in the history of the quantitative revolution.

Discuss in Forum

36.

Which one of the following is known as the language of geography as spatial science ?

A.Ecosystem
B.Environment
C.Landscape
D.Geometry

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: D

The language of geography as a spatial science is geometry.

In the quantitative revolution geography was redefined as the science of spatial relations. William Bunge, in Theoretical Geography (1962), argued that geometry is the language of such a spatial science, because location, distance, direction and pattern are geometric properties; Harvey and Haggett took up the same view.

Ecosystem, environment and landscape are concepts that geography studies, belonging to the ecological and regional traditions, not the formal language in which spatial science expresses its laws.

Discuss in Forum

37.

Who is considered the originator of dualism between physical and human geography ?

A.Carl Ritter
B.Oscar Peschel
C.Elisee Reclus
D.George Gerland

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

The key gives Oscar Peschel.

What could not be confirmed: general histories of geographical thought credit Bernhard Varenius with the early split between general and special geography and, with Kant, with the dualistic approach to physical and human geography, and none of the sources found names Peschel or George Gerland as the originator. One exam answer site gives Peschel as the answer while also saying that he did not originate the idea, so the attribution is the paper's own convention.

Carl Ritter and Elisee Reclus are not credited with this dualism in any source found. Options A and C are therefore the weakest; the choice between Peschel and Gerland rests on the key, which is kept.

Discuss in Forum

38.

By means of 'genre de vie' and other concepts which school of Human Geography replaced the exaggerated Ratzelian notions of environmental determinism by the elastic concept of possibilism ?

A.British
B.German
C.French
D.Dutch

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: C

The school is the French school.

Paul Vidal de la Blache and his followers, such as Jean Brunhes and Lucien Febvre, held that nature offers a range of possibilities and that people choose among them according to their way of life. Genre de vie was their term for the way of life of a group, its customs, techniques and traditions, which decides how it uses its environment. Febvre named this approach possibilism.

The German school, led by Friedrich Ratzel and followed in America by Ellen Semple, was the home of environmental determinism, the view that possibilism replaced. The British and Dutch schools are not associated with genre de vie.

Discuss in Forum

39.

Who for the first time clarified the relationship between special (Regional) and General (Systematic) Geography ?

A.Buscheng
B.Humboldt
C.Kant
D.Varenius

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: D

The first to clarify this relationship was Varenius.

Bernhardus Varenius, in Geographia Generalis (1650), divided geography into general geography, which studies the Earth as a whole and the laws that apply everywhere, and special geography, which describes particular regions. He stressed that the two depend on each other, laying the basis of the later systematic and regional approaches.

Immanuel Kant lectured on physical geography a century later, and Alexander von Humboldt developed the systematic approach in the nineteenth century, both well after Varenius. The paper's 'Buscheng' (Busching) wrote descriptive regional geography, not this distinction.

Discuss in Forum

40.

Who for the first time attempted a classification of plants and animals ?

A.Count Buffon
B.James Rennel
C.George Forster
D.John Ray

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: D

The key gives John Ray.

John Ray (1627-1705), the English naturalist, produced one of the first systematic classifications of plants, in his Historia Plantarum, and of animals, grouping organisms by their structure and defining the species as the basic unit. His work came before Linnaeus and is why he is credited with the first scientific classification of plants and animals.

Count Buffon (1707-1788) wrote his Histoire Naturelle later, and George Forster (1754-1794), naturalist on Cook's second voyage, later still. James Rennell was the surveyor and cartographer of Bengal, not a naturalist.

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