Applied Philosophy Questions and Answers

Q: Indian Supreme Court Judgment on 24 September, 2017 upheld right to privacy as ...................... .

The judgment upheld privacy as part of the right to life.In Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India, a nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court held unanimously that the right to privacy is a fundamental right, protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 and as part of the freedoms in Part III. (The judgment was delivered on 24 August 2017; the paper prints September.)Privacy was not grounded in freedom of expression alone, and the right to property (no longer a fundamental right) and employment were not its basis.

Q: ................... takes into consideration the intrinsic value of the environment.

The view is deep ecology.Deep ecology, founded by Arne Naess, holds that the flourishing of human and non-human life on earth has value in itself, independent of its usefulness for human purposes. Recognising this intrinsic value of nature is its first principle.Shallow ecology, the anthropocentric view and utilitarian views all value nature instrumentally, for what it does for human beings (or, in the utilitarian case, for the welfare it produces), so none of them takes the intrinsic value of the environment into account.

Q: According to James Rachels :

Rachels holds that the distinction between active and passive euthanasia on the ground of moral acceptability is worth questioning.In 'Active and Passive Euthanasia' (1975), James Rachels argues that killing is not in itself morally worse than letting die. With his Smith and Jones example, where one drowns a child and the other merely lets him drown, he shows the bare difference carries no moral weight, so the medical doctrine allowing passive but forbidding active euthanasia is questionable.The other options state one side of the distinction he challenges, rather than his conclusion.

Q: According to Deep Ecology :

For deep ecology, the ecological problem is the problem regarding human approach to nature (printed 'prolem').Arne Naess, who coined 'deep ecology' in 1973, contrasted it with 'shallow' environmentalism, which treats pollution and resource shortage as technical or economic problems for human benefit. Deep ecology holds that the crisis comes from the human-centred attitude to nature, and calls for recognising the intrinsic value of all life.Seeing the problem as economic, as a shortage of resources, or as geographical is the shallow view Naess criticised.

Q: According to Peter Singer, "giving pain to animals" is :

For Peter Singer, giving pain to animals is immoral action.In Animal Liberation (1975), Singer argues that the capacity to suffer gives a being interests that count. By the principle of equal consideration of interests, animal suffering must weigh as much as similar human suffering, and causing it without sufficient reason is speciesism, a wrong like racism.He does not treat it as amoral, morally neutral or undecidable, and causing animals pain is not justified merely because they are not human.

Q: Which type of cloning is ethically and legally objectionable ?

The objectionable type is reproductive cloning.Reproductive cloning aims to produce a whole cloned organism, and for humans it is widely condemned and legally banned: the UN Declaration on Human Cloning (2005), the Council of Europe's protocol and Indian guidelines (ICMR) prohibit it, on grounds of safety, dignity and identity.Therapeutic cloning, producing embryonic cells for research and treatment, is permitted under regulation in several countries, and animal cloning (as of Dolly the sheep in 1996) is legal for research. 'Human' names the subject, not a type of cloning.

Q: This American code of ethics provides the guideline for social media :

The answer is ASHA.ASHA is the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, the US professional body for speech-language pathologists and audiologists. It publishes a Code of Ethics and an Issues in Ethics statement on the ethical use of social media, which warns that posting identifiable client information or misrepresenting services can breach the Code. That is the American ethical guideline for social media in the list.The other three are Indian names. Nirbhaya is the name given to the victim of the 2012 Delhi gang rape, used for a fund set up after it; Vishakha (Vishaka) is the 1997 Supreme Court case that laid down guidelines on sexual harassment at the workplace; and I know of no American code of ethics called NISHA.

Q: Which of the following philosophers talks about the panopticon ?

The panopticon is discussed by Michel Foucault.The panopticon was a prison design by Jeremy Bentham, with a central tower from which every cell can be seen. In Discipline and Punish (1975), Foucault made it the model of modern disciplinary power: people who know they may be watched at any time come to discipline themselves.Kant, Hume and Plato did not write about it; Bentham invented it, but he is not among the options.

Q: Which of the following is not principle of social media ethics ?

The one not a principle is not following the confidentiality.Social media ethics asks users and organisations to be authentic about who they are, transparent about interests and sponsorships, respectful of others' dignity, and to protect confidential and private information.Ignoring confidentiality reverses the last of these, so it cannot be one of the principles, while authenticity, transparency and respect for dignity all are.

21.

Indian Supreme Court Judgment on 24 September, 2017 upheld right to privacy as ...................... .

A.Freedom of expression
B.Right to property
C.Right to employment
D.Right to life

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

The judgment upheld privacy as part of the right to life.

In Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India, a nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court held unanimously that the right to privacy is a fundamental right, protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 and as part of the freedoms in Part III. (The judgment was delivered on 24 August 2017; the paper prints September.)

Privacy was not grounded in freedom of expression alone, and the right to property (no longer a fundamental right) and employment were not its basis.

Discuss in Forum

22.

................... takes into consideration the intrinsic value of the environment.

A.Shallow ecology
B.Deep ecology
C.Anthropocentric view
D.Utilitarian view

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

The view is deep ecology.

Deep ecology, founded by Arne Naess, holds that the flourishing of human and non-human life on earth has value in itself, independent of its usefulness for human purposes. Recognising this intrinsic value of nature is its first principle.

Shallow ecology, the anthropocentric view and utilitarian views all value nature instrumentally, for what it does for human beings (or, in the utilitarian case, for the welfare it produces), so none of them takes the intrinsic value of the environment into account.

Discuss in Forum

23.

According to James Rachels :

A.Passive euthanasia is morally acceptable
B.Active euthanasia is morally unacceptable
C.Active euthanasia is morally acceptable
D.The distinction between active and passive euthanasia on the ground of moral acceptability is worth questioning

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: D

Rachels holds that the distinction between active and passive euthanasia on the ground of moral acceptability is worth questioning.

In 'Active and Passive Euthanasia' (1975), James Rachels argues that killing is not in itself morally worse than letting die. With his Smith and Jones example, where one drowns a child and the other merely lets him drown, he shows the bare difference carries no moral weight, so the medical doctrine allowing passive but forbidding active euthanasia is questionable.

The other options state one side of the distinction he challenges, rather than his conclusion.

Discuss in Forum

24.

According to Deep Ecology :

A.Ecological problem is economic problem
B.Ecological problem is about inadequate natural resources
C.Ecological problem is the prolem regarding human approach to nature
D.Ecological problem is a geographical problem

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: C

For deep ecology, the ecological problem is the problem regarding human approach to nature (printed 'prolem').

Arne Naess, who coined 'deep ecology' in 1973, contrasted it with 'shallow' environmentalism, which treats pollution and resource shortage as technical or economic problems for human benefit. Deep ecology holds that the crisis comes from the human-centred attitude to nature, and calls for recognising the intrinsic value of all life.

Seeing the problem as economic, as a shortage of resources, or as geographical is the shallow view Naess criticised.

Discuss in Forum

25.

According to Peter Singer, "giving pain to animals" is :

A.a-moral action
B.immoral action
C.morally justifiable action
D.morally undecidable action

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

For Peter Singer, giving pain to animals is immoral action.

In Animal Liberation (1975), Singer argues that the capacity to suffer gives a being interests that count. By the principle of equal consideration of interests, animal suffering must weigh as much as similar human suffering, and causing it without sufficient reason is speciesism, a wrong like racism.

He does not treat it as amoral, morally neutral or undecidable, and causing animals pain is not justified merely because they are not human.

Discuss in Forum

26.

Which type of cloning is ethically and legally objectionable ?

A.Reproductive
B.Therapeutic
C.Animal
D.Human

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

The objectionable type is reproductive cloning.

Reproductive cloning aims to produce a whole cloned organism, and for humans it is widely condemned and legally banned: the UN Declaration on Human Cloning (2005), the Council of Europe's protocol and Indian guidelines (ICMR) prohibit it, on grounds of safety, dignity and identity.

Therapeutic cloning, producing embryonic cells for research and treatment, is permitted under regulation in several countries, and animal cloning (as of Dolly the sheep in 1996) is legal for research. 'Human' names the subject, not a type of cloning.

Discuss in Forum

27.

This American code of ethics provides the guideline for social media :

A.ASHA
B.NIRBHAYA
C.VISHAKHA
D.NISHA

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

The answer is ASHA.

ASHA is the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, the US professional body for speech-language pathologists and audiologists. It publishes a Code of Ethics and an Issues in Ethics statement on the ethical use of social media, which warns that posting identifiable client information or misrepresenting services can breach the Code. That is the American ethical guideline for social media in the list.

The other three are Indian names. Nirbhaya is the name given to the victim of the 2012 Delhi gang rape, used for a fund set up after it; Vishakha (Vishaka) is the 1997 Supreme Court case that laid down guidelines on sexual harassment at the workplace; and I know of no American code of ethics called NISHA.

Discuss in Forum

28.

Samuel Warren and Louis Bradeis are associated with the ............... .

A.Right to private property
B.Freedom of expression
C.Right to employment
D.Right to privacy

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: D

Warren and Brandeis (printed 'Bradeis') are associated with the right to privacy.

Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis published 'The Right to Privacy' in the Harvard Law Review in 1890. Reacting to intrusive photography and gossip journalism, they argued that the law protects 'the right to be let alone', and their essay founded the modern legal right to privacy.

Their argument was not about property, free expression or employment, though Brandeis later defended free speech as a Supreme Court justice.

Discuss in Forum

29.

Which of the following philosophers talks about the panopticon ?

A.Michel Foucault
B.Immanuel Kant
C.David Hume
D.Plato

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

The panopticon is discussed by Michel Foucault.

The panopticon was a prison design by Jeremy Bentham, with a central tower from which every cell can be seen. In Discipline and Punish (1975), Foucault made it the model of modern disciplinary power: people who know they may be watched at any time come to discipline themselves.

Kant, Hume and Plato did not write about it; Bentham invented it, but he is not among the options.

Discuss in Forum

30.

Which of the following is not principle of social media ethics ?

A.keeping authenticity
B.keeping the transparency
C.respecting others dignity
D.not following the confidentiality

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: D

The one not a principle is not following the confidentiality.

Social media ethics asks users and organisations to be authentic about who they are, transparent about interests and sponsorships, respectful of others' dignity, and to protect confidential and private information.

Ignoring confidentiality reverses the last of these, so it cannot be one of the principles, while authenticity, transparency and respect for dignity all are.

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