Match the following as per John W. Cresswell :i. Outcome of the study, which the researcher is trying to explaina. Independent variableii. Variables or factor which influence the outcomeb. Dependent variableiii. Variable which also needs to be measured to ensure that only major factors influence the outcome, not any otherc. Confounding variableiv. Variables which may influence the outcome but are not measuredd. Control variable

The correct matching is i-b, ii-a, iii-d, iv-c.The outcome the researcher tries to explain is the dependent variable (b).The factors that influence the outcome are independent variables (a).A variable that is measured and held constant so that only the main factors influence the outcome is a control variable (d).A variable that may influence the outcome but is not measured is a confounding variable (c).The first code swaps the dependent and independent variables, and the others mismatch the control and confounding variables.

Research in Education Questions and Answers

Q: Which among the following is/are true in the context of 'ontology' of qualitative research ?i. Qualitative research regards people as anticipatory, meaning-making beings who actively construct their own meaning of situation.ii. People are deliberate, intentional and creative in their actions.iii. Realities are singular.iv. Knower and known are interactive, inseparable.

The answer is Only i, ii and iv.The ontology of qualitative research, as set out by Cohen, Manion and Morrison, regards people as anticipatory, meaning-making beings who construct their own meanings of situations (i), as deliberate, intentional and creative in their actions (ii), and holds that knower and known are interactive and inseparable (iv).Statement iii is wrong: qualitative research treats realities as multiple and socially constructed, not singular, so every option including iii fails.

Q: Which among the following statement(s) is/are true in the context of Positivism ?i. Positivism is historically associated with the 19th century French philosopher, Auguste Comte.ii. Positivism does not believe on empirical observation and verification.iii. Positivism believes that all genuine knowledge is based on sensory experience.iv. Positivism is less successful in its application to the study of human behaviour.

The answer is Only i, iii and iv.Positivism is historically associated with Auguste Comte, the nineteenth-century French philosopher (i). It holds that all genuine knowledge is based on sensory experience and can be advanced only through observation and experiment (iii). Its critics, as Cohen, Manion and Morrison note, find it less successful when applied to the study of human behaviour, with its complexity and meanings (iv).Statement ii is the opposite of positivism, which rests precisely on empirical observation and verification, so options including ii are wrong.

Q: Which of the following statement is true in the context of 'Teacher as Researcher' ?

The true statement is that teacher researchers think systematically and critically about what they are doing.The 'teacher as researcher' idea, associated with Lawrence Stenhouse, asks teachers to study their own practice systematically and critically, so as to improve it. Such teachers widen their range of teaching approaches, collaborate with colleagues and gain more control over their professional lives.So the options saying they narrow their repertoires (printed as 'reportoires'), work in isolation, or give up power and teaching for research all reverse the idea.

Q: Which of the following counts as research according to Shulman ?

According to Shulman, research is work in which arguments and evidence can be examined.Lee Shulman described disciplined inquiry as work whose arguments and evidence are open to scrutiny, which does not depend on eloquence or surface plausibility, and which reports the margins for possible error in its conclusions. Disciplined inquiry may also be speculative and inventive.The other options state the opposite of each of those features, so they describe what does not count as research.

Q: Which among the following is/are true in the context of 'theory' ?i. It can mean an explanatory framework, a way of looking at a situation.ii. It can't mean an opinion or belief.iii. It can't mean a bundle of concepts.iv. It sometimes connotes binary opposition.

The answer is Only i and iv.The word 'theory' is used in many senses, as Cohen, Manion and Morrison point out. It can mean an explanatory framework or a way of looking at a situation (i), and it sometimes connotes a binary opposition, such as theory versus practice (iv).It can also mean an opinion or belief, and a bundle of concepts, so statements ii and iii, which deny those meanings, are false. Every option including them is wrong.

Q: Given below are two statements. One of them labelled as Assertion A and the other as Reason R. Choose the correct answer with the help of code given below.Assertion A : Classroom research by teachers is a valid form of research.Reason R : Classroom research by teachers results in hypotheses generated through a rigorous process of enquiry and grounded in the data to which they apply.

The answer is A and R both are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.Classroom research by teachers is accepted as a valid form of research (A). Its validity comes from the fact that it generates hypotheses through a rigorous process of enquiry, grounded in the classroom data to which they apply (R).Since that rigour and grounding are exactly what make it research, R explains A, so the options treating R as unrelated, false or A as false are wrong.

Q: As per John W. Cresswell, there are usually five steps in conducting a literature review, which are given below. Arrange them in the correct sequence.i. Locate literatureii. Identify key termsiii. Organise the literatureiv. Write a literature reviewv. Critically evaluate and select the literature

The correct sequence is ii, i, v, iii, iv.John W. Creswell sets out five steps in conducting a literature review:Identify key terms.Locate the literature.Critically evaluate and select the literature.Organise the literature.Write the literature review.Key terms must come first, because they are needed to search for the literature, which rules out every option starting with locating or organising.

Q: Which among the following is true about Quantitative Hypothesis ?

A quantitative hypothesis narrows the purpose statement in research.John W. Creswell describes quantitative hypotheses as statements that narrow the purpose statement to specific predictions the researcher makes about the relationship among variables, which are then tested statistically.A hypothesis makes a prediction rather than reducing it, usually relates two or more variables rather than describing one, and is a formal statement, so the other options are wrong.

Q: Which among the following is/are true in the context of Research philosophy ?i. Research philosophy is a complex field.ii. Research philosophy is multi-dimensional.iii. Research philosophy comprises of approaches and beliefs that are mutually exclusive.iv. Research philosophy is difficult to put together a simple framework.

The answer is Only i, ii and iv.Research philosophy, as Cohen, Manion and Morrison describe it, is a complex (i) and multi-dimensional (ii) field, which is difficult to fit into a simple framework (iv).Statement iii is wrong: the approaches and beliefs in research philosophy overlap and are not mutually exclusive, which is part of why the field is complex. Options including iii are therefore wrong.

Which among the following is/are true in the context of 'ontology' of qualitative research ?

i. Qualitative research regards people as anticipatory, meaning-making beings who actively construct their own meaning of situation.
ii. People are deliberate, intentional and creative in their actions.
iii. Realities are singular.
iv. Knower and known are interactive, inseparable.

A.Only i, ii and iii
B.Only i, ii and iv
C.Only i, iii and iv
D.Only ii, iii and iv

Exam Year(s)

CBSE Assistant Secretary - 2024,

Answer: B

The answer is Only i, ii and iv.

The ontology of qualitative research, as set out by Cohen, Manion and Morrison, regards people as anticipatory, meaning-making beings who construct their own meanings of situations (i), as deliberate, intentional and creative in their actions (ii), and holds that knower and known are interactive and inseparable (iv).

Statement iii is wrong: qualitative research treats realities as multiple and socially constructed, not singular, so every option including iii fails.

Discuss in Forum

Which among the following statement(s) is/are true in the context of Positivism ?

i. Positivism is historically associated with the 19th century French philosopher, Auguste Comte.
ii. Positivism does not believe on empirical observation and verification.
iii. Positivism believes that all genuine knowledge is based on sensory experience.
iv. Positivism is less successful in its application to the study of human behaviour.

A.Only i and ii
B.Only ii and iii
C.Only i, ii and iii
D.Only i, iii and iv

Exam Year(s)

CBSE Assistant Secretary - 2024,

Answer: D

The answer is Only i, iii and iv.

Positivism is historically associated with Auguste Comte, the nineteenth-century French philosopher (i). It holds that all genuine knowledge is based on sensory experience and can be advanced only through observation and experiment (iii). Its critics, as Cohen, Manion and Morrison note, find it less successful when applied to the study of human behaviour, with its complexity and meanings (iv).

Statement ii is the opposite of positivism, which rests precisely on empirical observation and verification, so options including ii are wrong.

Discuss in Forum

Which of the following statement is true in the context of 'Teacher as Researcher' ?

A.They reduce their teaching reportoires.
B.They think systematically and critically about what they are doing.
C.They are highly individualized and do not collaborate with other teachers.
D.They reduce their power over their professional lines and focus only on conducting research.

Exam Year(s)

CBSE Assistant Secretary - 2024,

Answer: B

The true statement is that teacher researchers think systematically and critically about what they are doing.

The 'teacher as researcher' idea, associated with Lawrence Stenhouse, asks teachers to study their own practice systematically and critically, so as to improve it. Such teachers widen their range of teaching approaches, collaborate with colleagues and gain more control over their professional lives.

So the options saying they narrow their repertoires (printed as 'reportoires'), work in isolation, or give up power and teaching for research all reverse the idea.

Discuss in Forum

Which of the following counts as research according to Shulman ?

A.Arguments and evidences can be examined.
B.Depend solely on eloquence or surface plausibility.
C.It cannot be speculative, free wheeling and inventive.
D.Do not discuss margin for possible errors in conclusion.

Exam Year(s)

CBSE Assistant Secretary - 2024,

Answer: A

According to Shulman, research is work in which arguments and evidence can be examined.

Lee Shulman described disciplined inquiry as work whose arguments and evidence are open to scrutiny, which does not depend on eloquence or surface plausibility, and which reports the margins for possible error in its conclusions. Disciplined inquiry may also be speculative and inventive.

The other options state the opposite of each of those features, so they describe what does not count as research.

Discuss in Forum

Which among the following is/are true in the context of 'theory' ?

i. It can mean an explanatory framework, a way of looking at a situation.
ii. It can't mean an opinion or belief.
iii. It can't mean a bundle of concepts.
iv. It sometimes connotes binary opposition.

A.Only i and ii
B.Only i and iii
C.Only iii and iv
D.Only i and iv

Exam Year(s)

CBSE Assistant Secretary - 2024,

Answer: D

The answer is Only i and iv.

The word 'theory' is used in many senses, as Cohen, Manion and Morrison point out. It can mean an explanatory framework or a way of looking at a situation (i), and it sometimes connotes a binary opposition, such as theory versus practice (iv).

It can also mean an opinion or belief, and a bundle of concepts, so statements ii and iii, which deny those meanings, are false. Every option including them is wrong.

Discuss in Forum

Given below are two statements. One of them labelled as Assertion A and the other as Reason R. Choose the correct answer with the help of code given below.

Assertion A : Classroom research by teachers is a valid form of research.
Reason R : Classroom research by teachers results in hypotheses generated through a rigorous process of enquiry and grounded in the data to which they apply.

A.A and R both are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
B.A and R both are correct but R is the incorrect explanation of A.
C.A is correct but R is incorrect.
D.A is incorrect but R is correct.

Exam Year(s)

CBSE Assistant Secretary - 2024,

Answer: A

The answer is A and R both are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

Classroom research by teachers is accepted as a valid form of research (A). Its validity comes from the fact that it generates hypotheses through a rigorous process of enquiry, grounded in the classroom data to which they apply (R).

Since that rigour and grounding are exactly what make it research, R explains A, so the options treating R as unrelated, false or A as false are wrong.

Discuss in Forum

As per John W. Cresswell, there are usually five steps in conducting a literature review, which are given below. Arrange them in the correct sequence.

i. Locate literature
ii. Identify key terms
iii. Organise the literature
iv. Write a literature review
v. Critically evaluate and select the literature

A.ii, i, v, iii, iv
B.i, ii, iii, v, iv
C.iii, i, ii, iv, v
D.i, ii, iii, iv, v

Exam Year(s)

CBSE Assistant Secretary - 2024,

Answer: A

The correct sequence is ii, i, v, iii, iv.

John W. Creswell sets out five steps in conducting a literature review:

Identify key terms.
Locate the literature.
Critically evaluate and select the literature.
Organise the literature.
Write the literature review.

Key terms must come first, because they are needed to search for the literature, which rules out every option starting with locating or organising.

Discuss in Forum

Match the following as per John W. Cresswell :

i. Outcome of the study, which the researcher is trying to explain	a. Independent variable
ii. Variables or factor which influence the outcome	b. Dependent variable
iii. Variable which also needs to be measured to ensure that only major factors influence the outcome, not any other	c. Confounding variable
iv. Variables which may influence the outcome but are not measured	d. Control variable

A.i-a, ii-b, iii-c, iv-d
B.i-b, ii-a, iii-d, iv-c
C.i-d., ii-c, iii-b, iv-a
D.i-a, ii-d, iii-b, iv-c

Exam Year(s)

CBSE Assistant Secretary - 2024,

Answer: B

The correct matching is i-b, ii-a, iii-d, iv-c.

The outcome the researcher tries to explain is the dependent variable (b).
The factors that influence the outcome are independent variables (a).
A variable that is measured and held constant so that only the main factors influence the outcome is a control variable (d).
A variable that may influence the outcome but is not measured is a confounding variable (c).

The first code swaps the dependent and independent variables, and the others mismatch the control and confounding variables.

Discuss in Forum

Which among the following is true about Quantitative Hypothesis ?

A.It narrows the purpose statement in research.
B.It reduces the prediction about what the researcher expects to find.
C.It is used to describe single variable.
D.It represents an informal statement of relationship among the variables.

Exam Year(s)

CBSE Assistant Secretary - 2024,

Answer: A

A quantitative hypothesis narrows the purpose statement in research.

John W. Creswell describes quantitative hypotheses as statements that narrow the purpose statement to specific predictions the researcher makes about the relationship among variables, which are then tested statistically.

A hypothesis makes a prediction rather than reducing it, usually relates two or more variables rather than describing one, and is a formal statement, so the other options are wrong.

Discuss in Forum

10.

Which among the following is/are true in the context of Research philosophy ?

i. Research philosophy is a complex field.
ii. Research philosophy is multi-dimensional.
iii. Research philosophy comprises of approaches and beliefs that are mutually exclusive.
iv. Research philosophy is difficult to put together a simple framework.

A.Only i, ii and iii
B.Only i, iii and iv
C.Only ii, iii and iv
D.Only i, ii and iv

Exam Year(s)

CBSE Assistant Secretary - 2024,

Answer: D

The answer is Only i, ii and iv.

Research philosophy, as Cohen, Manion and Morrison describe it, is a complex (i) and multi-dimensional (ii) field, which is difficult to fit into a simple framework (iv).

Statement iii is wrong: the approaches and beliefs in research philosophy overlap and are not mutually exclusive, which is part of why the field is complex. Options including iii are therefore wrong.

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