Attention, Perception, Learning and Memory Questions and Answers

Q: Two-factor theory, that is a combination of classical conditioning and operant conditioning, is one of the explanations of :

Two-factor theory explains avoidance learning.O. H. Mowrer's two-factor theory says avoidance is learned in two stages. First, by classical conditioning, a warning signal paired with shock comes to arouse fear. Second, by operant conditioning, any response that removes the signal is negatively reinforced by the reduction of fear, so the animal learns to respond before the shock arrives.Generalization and discrimination are properties of any conditioned response, and shaping is the reinforcement of successive approximations in operant learning; none needs a combination of the two kinds of conditioning to explain it.

41.

Explicit or declarative memory does NOT consist of which of the following types of memory?

A.Procedural memory
B.Semantic memory
C.Autobiographical memory
D.Episodic memory

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: A

Procedural memory is not part of explicit or declarative memory. Declarative memory consists of semantic memory (facts), episodic memory (personal events) and autobiographical memory, whereas procedural memory (skills and habits) is a kind of implicit memory. Explicit memory is the conscious recall of facts and events, while implicit memory, such as riding a bicycle, shows in performance without conscious recall.

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42.

Which of the following is NOT a salient feature of classical conditioning?

A.The conditional response is mechanically produced by pairing the CS with UCS.
B.Conditioning occurs because of insight learning.
C.There is a continuity of paired presentation of CS and UCS.
D.In this kind of conditioning S-S association is learned not S-R association.

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: B

The statement that is not a salient feature of classical conditioning is "Conditioning occurs because of insight learning". Classical conditioning is mechanical: the conditional response is produced by pairing the CS with the UCS, the pairing continues, and the learning is a stimulus-stimulus association. Insight is sudden understanding, which is not how conditioning works. In classical conditioning learning is gradual and results from repeated pairing of the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus, as in Pavlov's work, not from sudden insight.

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43.

Identify the process wherein rapid recovery of a conditioned response occurs when CS-UCS pairing follows extinction.

A.Spontaneous recovery
B.Acquisition
C.Reconditioning
D.Learning

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: C

Reconditioning is the rapid recovery of a conditioned response when CS-UCS pairing is resumed after extinction. Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of the response after a rest period without pairing, acquisition is the initial learning of the response, and learning is too general a term. Relearning of a response after extinction is typically faster than the original learning, which shows that extinction does not erase the earlier learning.

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44.

Who coined the concept of instinctive drift?

A.BF Skinner
B.Marian Breland
C.Edward Tolman
D.Martin Seligman

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: B

Marian Breland (with Keller Breland) described instinctive drift, the tendency of an animal's learned behaviour to drift back towards instinctive behaviour. Skinner studied operant conditioning, Tolman latent learning, and Seligman learned helplessness and preparedness. The Brelands trained animals for shows and found that, for example, raccoons trained to put coins into a bank started to rub the coins together, which is the instinctive food-washing behaviour.

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45.

________ is the encouragement of certain behaviours by removing or avoiding a negative outcome or stimuli. For example, a child obeying his parent before the parent reaches the count of three to avoid getting a scolding.

A.Positive reinforcement
B.Negative punishment
C.Positive punishment
D.Negative reinforcement

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: D

Negative reinforcement is the encouragement of a behaviour by removing or avoiding a negative outcome or stimulus, as in obeying a parent before the count of three in order to avoid a scolding. Positive reinforcement adds a reward, positive punishment adds an unpleasant stimulus, and negative punishment removes something pleasant to reduce a behaviour. The word negative in negative reinforcement means that something is taken away, and reinforcement means the behaviour becomes more likely, here obeying before the count of three.

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46.

On which of the following species of animals did Wolfgang Kohler conduct his experiments?

A.Dogs
B.Pigeons
C.Chimpanzees
D.Rats

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: C

Wolfgang Kohler conducted his insight-learning experiments on chimpanzees, including the well-known ape Sultan who stacked boxes to reach a banana. Dogs were Pavlov's subjects, pigeons and rats were mainly Skinner's and Thorndike's. Kohler's experiments on the island of Tenerife showed that chimpanzees could solve problems by sudden insight into the relations, such as combining two sticks to reach food.

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47.

Suppose a child is conditioned to be afraid of a man with a beard who is wearing a grey outfit. If this child meets any stranger with a black outfit and a beard and shows signs of fear, he is said to be displaying ________.

A.generalisation learning
B.discrimination learning
C.sign learning
D.stimulus learning

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: A

The child displays generalisation learning: fear conditioned to one stimulus spreads to similar ones, here another bearded man in a different outfit. Discrimination learning would be responding to only the original stimulus, and sign learning and stimulus learning are not standard terms for this. Generalisation is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus, and discrimination is learning to respond only to the particular stimulus.

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48.

Any relatively permanent change in behaviour or behavioural potential produced by experience is called ______.

A.perception
B.concept formation
C.learning
D.motivation

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: C

Learning is any relatively permanent change in behaviour or behavioural potential produced by experience. Perception is the interpretation of sensory information, concept formation is making categories, and motivation is the drive that starts and sustains behaviour. The definition of learning stresses three points: a change in behaviour or potential for behaviour, a relatively permanent change, and a change that comes from experience, not from growth or fatigue.

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49.

Who propounded the theory of operant conditioning?

A.BF Skinner
B.Jerome S Bruner
C.Robert M Gagne
D.Kohlberg

Exam Year(s)

DSSSB PGT - 2023,

Answer: A

B F Skinner propounded the theory of operant conditioning. Jerome Bruner is known for discovery learning and the constructivist approach, Robert Gagne for the conditions of learning and the nine events of instruction, and Kohlberg for the stages of moral development. Skinner's operant conditioning shows how behaviour is shaped by consequences, such as reinforcement and punishment, as in the Skinner box.

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50.

Two-factor theory, that is a combination of classical conditioning and operant conditioning, is one of the explanations of :

A.Generalization
B.Discrimination
C.Shaping
D.Avoidance learning

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

Two-factor theory explains avoidance learning.

O. H. Mowrer's two-factor theory says avoidance is learned in two stages. First, by classical conditioning, a warning signal paired with shock comes to arouse fear. Second, by operant conditioning, any response that removes the signal is negatively reinforced by the reduction of fear, so the animal learns to respond before the shock arrives.

Generalization and discrimination are properties of any conditioned response, and shaping is the reinforcement of successive approximations in operant learning; none needs a combination of the two kinds of conditioning to explain it.

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