Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below :List-I (Types of Cutaneous Receptors)List-II (Modality Best Handled)(P) Pacinian corpuscle(1) Pressure(Q) Ruffini ending(2) Pain and temperature(R) Merkel ending(3) Touch(S) Free nerve ending(4) Vibration

The correct match is P-4, Q-1, R-3, S-2.Pacinian corpuscles, layered and fast-adapting, respond best to vibration.Ruffini endings, slow-adapting, respond to sustained pressure and skin stretch.Merkel endings (discs) signal light touch and fine detail.Free nerve endings carry pain and temperature.Pairing free nerve endings with pain and temperature and Pacinian corpuscles with vibration is the standard textbook account, and only option C does both.

Attention, Perception, Learning and Memory Questions and Answers

Q: Two-factor theory, that is a combination of classical conditioning and operant conditioning, is one of the explanations of :

Two-factor theory explains avoidance learning.O. H. Mowrer's two-factor theory says avoidance is learned in two stages. First, by classical conditioning, a warning signal paired with shock comes to arouse fear. Second, by operant conditioning, any response that removes the signal is negatively reinforced by the reduction of fear, so the animal learns to respond before the shock arrives.Generalization and discrimination are properties of any conditioned response, and shaping is the reinforcement of successive approximations in operant learning; none needs a combination of the two kinds of conditioning to explain it.

Q: Divided attention tasks require the subject to :

Divided attention tasks require the subject to attend to multiple stimuli.In divided attention the person must share attention between two or more sources or tasks at the same time, such as listening to two messages or driving while talking. Performance depends on how similar the tasks are, how difficult they are and how much practice has made them automatic.Responding quickly to one stimulus among many is selective attention (or a choice reaction), searching for a missing or particular feature is visual search, and concentrating on one task is sustained or focused attention.

Q: The capacity of short-term memory is assumed to be :

The capacity of short-term memory is 7 ± 2 items.George Miller's 1956 paper 'The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two' showed that people can hold about five to nine chunks of information in immediate memory, a limit that chunking can stretch by packing more information into each unit. (Later research, such as Cowan's, puts the core capacity nearer four chunks.)10 ± 2, 5 ± 2 and 6 ± 2 are not the classic estimate.

Q: Approaches to perception that involve direct reception of information from environment are called :

Theories of direct perception are ecological approaches.J. J. Gibson's ecological approach holds that the environment contains rich, structured information (the optic array, texture gradients, optic flow and affordances) that the perceiver picks up directly, without needing inference or stored knowledge to construct a percept.Constructivist approaches (Helmholtz, Gregory) argue the opposite, that perception is built by inference from incomplete sensory data. Computational approaches (Marr) model perception as stages of information processing, and feature analysis explains recognition by detecting component features. None involves direct reception.

Q: Information in long-term memory is primarily stored in :

Information in long-term memory is stored mainly in semantic form.Long-term memory is organised largely by meaning. Studies such as Baddeley's (1966) found that long-term recall is disrupted by similarity of meaning, while short-term recall is disrupted by similarity of sound. People typically remember the gist of what they heard or read rather than the exact words.Sensory form belongs to the brief sensory registers, and acoustic coding is characteristic of short-term memory. Tactile and acoustic information can be stored long-term, but they are not the primary code.

Q: Gibson's theory of direct perception implies that :(1) Perception is used to adapt to environment(2) Perception is used to control action(3) When observer moves, optic array changes(4) Sensory systems are perceptual systems

All four follow from Gibson's theory: (1), (2), (3) and (4).Gibson argued that perception evolved to help animals adapt to their environment and to guide action, so (1) and (2) hold. As the observer moves, the optic array changes in lawful ways (optic flow), and this change is itself the information perceived, which is (3). He also treated the senses as active perceptual systems that seek out information, the title idea of his 1966 book The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems, which is (4).Leaving any statement out makes the option incomplete.

51.

Two-factor theory, that is a combination of classical conditioning and operant conditioning, is one of the explanations of :

A.Generalization
B.Discrimination
C.Shaping
D.Avoidance learning

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

Two-factor theory explains avoidance learning.

O. H. Mowrer's two-factor theory says avoidance is learned in two stages. First, by classical conditioning, a warning signal paired with shock comes to arouse fear. Second, by operant conditioning, any response that removes the signal is negatively reinforced by the reduction of fear, so the animal learns to respond before the shock arrives.

Generalization and discrimination are properties of any conditioned response, and shaping is the reinforcement of successive approximations in operant learning; none needs a combination of the two kinds of conditioning to explain it.

Discuss in Forum

52.

Memory disruption that occurs due to information presented after the material that is to be remembered is known as :

A.Positive transfer
B.Negative transfer
C.Zero transfer
D.Retroactive interference

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

Disruption of memory by information that comes afterwards is retroactive interference.

In retroactive interference, new learning works backwards to impair recall of older material: after learning list A and then list B, recall of list A suffers. Proactive interference is the reverse, where earlier learning disrupts recall of later material.

Positive, negative and zero transfer describe the effect of earlier learning on the learning of a new task (helping, hindering or having no effect), not the forgetting of earlier material caused by later learning.

Discuss in Forum

53.

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below :

List-I (Types of Cutaneous Receptors)	List-II (Modality Best Handled)
(P) Pacinian corpuscle	(1) Pressure
(Q) Ruffini ending	(2) Pain and temperature
(R) Merkel ending	(3) Touch
(S) Free nerve ending	(4) Vibration

A.P-1, Q-4, R-2, S-3
B.P-2, Q-3, R-1, S-4
C.P-4, Q-1, R-3, S-2
D.P-3, Q-2, R-4, S-1

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

The correct match is P-4, Q-1, R-3, S-2.

Pacinian corpuscles, layered and fast-adapting, respond best to vibration.
Ruffini endings, slow-adapting, respond to sustained pressure and skin stretch.
Merkel endings (discs) signal light touch and fine detail.
Free nerve endings carry pain and temperature.

Pairing free nerve endings with pain and temperature and Pacinian corpuscles with vibration is the standard textbook account, and only option C does both.

Discuss in Forum

54.

Divided attention tasks require the subject to :

A.Respond quickly to one among many stimuli
B.Attend to multiple stimuli
C.Search for missing features
D.Concentrate on the task

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

Divided attention tasks require the subject to attend to multiple stimuli.

In divided attention the person must share attention between two or more sources or tasks at the same time, such as listening to two messages or driving while talking. Performance depends on how similar the tasks are, how difficult they are and how much practice has made them automatic.

Responding quickly to one stimulus among many is selective attention (or a choice reaction), searching for a missing or particular feature is visual search, and concentrating on one task is sustained or focused attention.

Discuss in Forum

55.

The capacity of short-term memory is assumed to be :

A.10 ± 2
B.5 ± 2
C.6 ± 2
D.7 ± 2

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

The capacity of short-term memory is 7 ± 2 items.

George Miller's 1956 paper 'The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two' showed that people can hold about five to nine chunks of information in immediate memory, a limit that chunking can stretch by packing more information into each unit. (Later research, such as Cowan's, puts the core capacity nearer four chunks.)

10 ± 2, 5 ± 2 and 6 ± 2 are not the classic estimate.

Discuss in Forum

56.

Approaches to perception that involve direct reception of information from environment are called :

A.Constructivist approaches
B.Computational approaches
C.Ecological approaches
D.Feature analytical approaches

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

Theories of direct perception are ecological approaches.

J. J. Gibson's ecological approach holds that the environment contains rich, structured information (the optic array, texture gradients, optic flow and affordances) that the perceiver picks up directly, without needing inference or stored knowledge to construct a percept.

Constructivist approaches (Helmholtz, Gregory) argue the opposite, that perception is built by inference from incomplete sensory data. Computational approaches (Marr) model perception as stages of information processing, and feature analysis explains recognition by detecting component features. None involves direct reception.

Discuss in Forum

57.

When reinforcement is contingent upon number of responses given by respondent it is :

(1) Fixed interval schedule
(2) Fixed ratio schedule
(3) Variable ratio schedule
(4) Variable interval schedule

A.(2) and (3) only
B.(3) and (4) only
C.(1) and (2) only
D.(1) and (4) only

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

Reinforcement contingent on the number of responses is given by (2) and (3) only, the fixed ratio and variable ratio schedules.

Ratio schedules deliver reinforcement after a number of responses: a fixed number in a fixed ratio schedule (every tenth response) and an average number that varies in a variable ratio schedule (as in a slot machine).

Interval schedules depend on time instead: in fixed interval and variable interval schedules the first response after a fixed or varying period is reinforced, however many responses came before. So any option including (1) or (4) is wrong.

Discuss in Forum

58.

Information in long-term memory is primarily stored in :

A.Sensory form
B.Semantic form
C.Acoustic form
D.Tactile form

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

Information in long-term memory is stored mainly in semantic form.

Long-term memory is organised largely by meaning. Studies such as Baddeley's (1966) found that long-term recall is disrupted by similarity of meaning, while short-term recall is disrupted by similarity of sound. People typically remember the gist of what they heard or read rather than the exact words.

Sensory form belongs to the brief sensory registers, and acoustic coding is characteristic of short-term memory. Tactile and acoustic information can be stored long-term, but they are not the primary code.

Discuss in Forum

59.

Stimulus similar to original CS will elicit similar response is called :

A.Generalization
B.Discrimination
C.Shaping
D.Substitution

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

A stimulus similar to the original CS producing a similar response is generalization.

In stimulus generalization a conditioned response spreads to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus, and the response is stronger the closer the resemblance (the generalization gradient). Watson's Little Albert, conditioned to fear a white rat, also showed fear of other furry objects.

Discrimination is the opposite: learning to respond to the CS but not to similar stimuli. Shaping is reinforcing successive approximations in operant learning, and substitution refers to the old view of the CS standing in for the US.

Discuss in Forum

60.

Gibson's theory of direct perception implies that :

(1) Perception is used to adapt to environment
(2) Perception is used to control action
(3) When observer moves, optic array changes
(4) Sensory systems are perceptual systems

A.(1) and (2) only
B.(1) and (3) only
C.(1), (2) and (3) only
D.(1), (2), (3) and (4)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

All four follow from Gibson's theory: (1), (2), (3) and (4).

Gibson argued that perception evolved to help animals adapt to their environment and to guide action, so (1) and (2) hold. As the observer moves, the optic array changes in lawful ways (optic flow), and this change is itself the information perceived, which is (3). He also treated the senses as active perceptual systems that seek out information, the title idea of his 1966 book The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems, which is (4).

Leaving any statement out makes the option incomplete.

Discuss in Forum

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