Match the following and select the correct answer from the codes given below :Site of FatigueProposed Mechanism(1) Neuromuscular junction(I) Lack of oxygen and inadequate blood flow(2) Contractile mechanism(II) Local distribution caused by contractile fatigue signals(3) Central nervous system(III) Decreased release of acetylcholine at nerve ending

The correct match is 1-III, 2-I, 3-II.At the neuromuscular junction, fatigue is attributed to decreased release of acetylcholine at the nerve ending, so the signal no longer passes to the muscle fibre (1-III).In the contractile mechanism, fatigue is linked to lack of oxygen and inadequate blood flow, which lead to accumulation of lactic acid and depletion of energy stores (2-I).In the central nervous system, local disturbance caused by fatigue signals from the contracting muscles reduces the drive to the muscles (3-II).Codes that put acetylcholine release at the CNS or blood flow at the junction mismatch these sites.

Body functions and related energy expenditure :List-IList-II(1) Digestion of food(i) 55 to 75%(2) Movement(ii) 10 to 15%(3) Resting Metabolism(iii) 10 to 40%

The correct match is 1-ii, 2-iii, 3-i.Daily energy expenditure has three main components:Digestion of food (the thermic effect of food) accounts for about 10 to 15 per cent (1-ii).Movement (physical activity) is the most variable part, about 10 to 40 per cent, depending on how active the person is (2-iii).Resting metabolism (resting or basal metabolic rate) is the largest part, about 55 to 75 per cent (3-i).Every other code gives the largest share to digestion or to movement, which reverses the usual proportions.

Exercise Physiology Questions and Answers

Q: Painful muscular contractions caused by prolonged exposure to environmental heat, is known as :

The condition is heat cramps.Heat cramps are painful involuntary spasms of the working muscles, often the calves, thighs and abdomen, during or after prolonged exercise in the heat. They are linked to heavy sweating with loss of salt and water and to muscle fatigue, and they respond to rest, stretching and fluid and salt replacement.Heat syncope is fainting from blood pooling in the skin and legs. Heat exhaustion is a systemic state of weakness, nausea and dizziness from fluid loss. Heat stroke is the most serious, a failure of temperature regulation with a core temperature above about 40°C and confusion. None of these is defined by painful muscle contractions.

Q: During concentric contraction the ..................... are pulled towards the middle of sarcomere.

The Z-lines are pulled towards the middle of the sarcomere.In a concentric contraction the muscle shortens. Myosin heads bind to actin and pull the thin filaments towards the M-line at the centre of the sarcomere. Because the thin filaments are anchored at the Z-lines, the Z-lines at each end of the sarcomere are drawn towards the middle.The I-band and H-zone do not move inward; they become narrower as the filaments overlap more. The A-band, the length of the thick filaments, stays the same length.

Q: Minute ventilation (VE) = ............. × Respiratory frequency (f).

Minute ventilation equals tidal volume × respiratory frequency.\[ V_E = V_T \times f \]Tidal volume is the volume of air breathed in or out in one normal breath, about 0.5 L at rest. At 12 breaths per minute that gives about 6 L/min, rising to over 100 L/min in heavy exercise as both depth and rate of breathing increase.The inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes are the extra volumes that can be forced in or out beyond a normal breath, and vital capacity is the largest single breath. None of them is the volume moved with each ordinary breath.

Q: Find out the heart rate of a person whose cardiac output (Q) is 20 litres per minute and the stroke volume is 0.15 liters per beat ?

The heart rate is about 133 beats/minute.Cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume, \(Q = HR \times SV\), so:\[ \begin{aligned} HR &= \frac{Q}{SV} = \frac{20\ \text{L/min}}{0.15\ \text{L/beat}} \\ &\approx 133\ \text{beats/min} \end{aligned} \]125 beats/minute would need a stroke volume of 0.16 L. 70 beats/minute is a typical resting rate and 180 an exercise maximum, neither of which follows from these figures.

Q: A complex molecule found in red blood cells, which contains iron and protein and is capable of combining with oxygen is ..................... .

The molecule is hemoglobin.Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein of red blood cells. Each molecule has four globin chains, each with a haem group holding an iron atom that binds one oxygen molecule, so one hemoglobin can carry four oxygen molecules from the lungs to the tissues.Hypotonic describes a solution with lower solute concentration than the cell. Hemodilution is a fall in the concentration of red cells due to increased plasma volume, as happens with endurance training, and hemolysis is the rupture of red blood cells.

Q: The major cause of coronary heart disease is .......................... .

The major cause of coronary heart disease is atherosclerosis.In atherosclerosis, fatty plaques of cholesterol, cells and fibrous tissue build up in the walls of the coronary arteries, narrowing them and reducing blood flow to the heart muscle. This causes angina, and when a plaque ruptures and a clot blocks the artery, a heart attack.Vasoconstriction and vasodilation (printed 'Vasodialation') are normal changes in vessel diameter. Hypertension is a risk factor that speeds up atherosclerosis, but it is not itself the disease process that blocks the arteries.

11.

Painful muscular contractions caused by prolonged exposure to environmental heat, is known as :

A.Heat syncope
B.Heat exhaustion
C.Heat cramps
D.Heat stroke

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

The condition is heat cramps.

Heat cramps are painful involuntary spasms of the working muscles, often the calves, thighs and abdomen, during or after prolonged exercise in the heat. They are linked to heavy sweating with loss of salt and water and to muscle fatigue, and they respond to rest, stretching and fluid and salt replacement.

Heat syncope is fainting from blood pooling in the skin and legs. Heat exhaustion is a systemic state of weakness, nausea and dizziness from fluid loss. Heat stroke is the most serious, a failure of temperature regulation with a core temperature above about 40°C and confusion. None of these is defined by painful muscle contractions.

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12.

During concentric contraction the ..................... are pulled towards the middle of sarcomere.

A.I-band
B.H-zone
C.A-band
D.Z-line

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: D

The Z-lines are pulled towards the middle of the sarcomere.

In a concentric contraction the muscle shortens. Myosin heads bind to actin and pull the thin filaments towards the M-line at the centre of the sarcomere. Because the thin filaments are anchored at the Z-lines, the Z-lines at each end of the sarcomere are drawn towards the middle.

The I-band and H-zone do not move inward; they become narrower as the filaments overlap more. The A-band, the length of the thick filaments, stays the same length.

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13.

Match the following and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

Site of Fatigue	Proposed Mechanism
(1) Neuromuscular junction	(I) Lack of oxygen and inadequate blood flow
(2) Contractile mechanism	(II) Local distribution caused by contractile fatigue signals
(3) Central nervous system	(III) Decreased release of acetylcholine at nerve ending

A.1-III, 2-I, 3-II
B.1-I, 2-II, 3-III
C.1-III, 2-II, 3-I
D.1-I, 2-III, 3-II

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The correct match is 1-III, 2-I, 3-II.

At the neuromuscular junction, fatigue is attributed to decreased release of acetylcholine at the nerve ending, so the signal no longer passes to the muscle fibre (1-III).
In the contractile mechanism, fatigue is linked to lack of oxygen and inadequate blood flow, which lead to accumulation of lactic acid and depletion of energy stores (2-I).
In the central nervous system, local disturbance caused by fatigue signals from the contracting muscles reduces the drive to the muscles (3-II).

Codes that put acetylcholine release at the CNS or blood flow at the junction mismatch these sites.

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14.

The following prolonged exercise, at least how many hours are needed to restore muscle glycogen level ?

A.48
B.24
C.12
D.2

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: B

After prolonged exercise, at least 24 hours are needed to restore muscle glycogen.

Prolonged endurance exercise can almost empty the working muscles of glycogen. Even with a high-carbohydrate diet, resynthesis takes roughly 24 hours, and on a mixed or low-carbohydrate diet it can take 48 hours or more. That is why heavy endurance sessions are not repeated on consecutive days without carbohydrate loading.

Two or twelve hours restores only part of the store. Forty-eight hours is enough but is not the minimum, which is what the stem asks for.

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15.

Minute ventilation (VE) = ............. × Respiratory frequency (f).

A.Inspiratory Reserved Volume (IRV)
B.Expiratory Reserved Volume (ERV)
C.Tidal Volume (TV)
D.Vital Capacity (VC)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

Minute ventilation equals tidal volume × respiratory frequency.

\[ V_E = V_T \times f \]

Tidal volume is the volume of air breathed in or out in one normal breath, about 0.5 L at rest. At 12 breaths per minute that gives about 6 L/min, rising to over 100 L/min in heavy exercise as both depth and rate of breathing increase.

The inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes are the extra volumes that can be forced in or out beyond a normal breath, and vital capacity is the largest single breath. None of them is the volume moved with each ordinary breath.

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16.

Find out the heart rate of a person whose cardiac output (Q) is 20 litres per minute and the stroke volume is 0.15 liters per beat ?

A.133 beats/minute
B.125 beats/minute
C.70 beats/minute
D.180 beats/minute

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The heart rate is about 133 beats/minute.

Cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume, \(Q = HR \times SV\), so:

\[ \begin{aligned} HR &= \frac{Q}{SV} = \frac{20\ \text{L/min}}{0.15\ \text{L/beat}} \\ &\approx 133\ \text{beats/min} \end{aligned} \]

125 beats/minute would need a stroke volume of 0.16 L. 70 beats/minute is a typical resting rate and 180 an exercise maximum, neither of which follows from these figures.

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17.

The random movement of molecules due to their kinetic energy is .......................... .

A.Systole
B.Diastole
C.Diffusion
D.Osmosis

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

The random movement of molecules due to their kinetic energy is diffusion.

Because molecules move randomly, they spread from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration until they are evenly distributed. Gas exchange in the lungs and tissues, oxygen in and carbon dioxide out, takes place by diffusion.

Osmosis is the special case of water moving across a semi-permeable membrane. Systole and diastole are the contraction and relaxation phases of the heart, which have nothing to do with molecular movement.

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18.

A complex molecule found in red blood cells, which contains iron and protein and is capable of combining with oxygen is ..................... .

A.Hemoglobin
B.Hypotonic
C.Hemodilution
D.Hemolysis

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The molecule is hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein of red blood cells. Each molecule has four globin chains, each with a haem group holding an iron atom that binds one oxygen molecule, so one hemoglobin can carry four oxygen molecules from the lungs to the tissues.

Hypotonic describes a solution with lower solute concentration than the cell. Hemodilution is a fall in the concentration of red cells due to increased plasma volume, as happens with endurance training, and hemolysis is the rupture of red blood cells.

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19.

The major cause of coronary heart disease is .......................... .

A.Vasoconstriction
B.Vasodialation
C.Hypertensive
D.Atherosclerosis

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: D

The major cause of coronary heart disease is atherosclerosis.

In atherosclerosis, fatty plaques of cholesterol, cells and fibrous tissue build up in the walls of the coronary arteries, narrowing them and reducing blood flow to the heart muscle. This causes angina, and when a plaque ruptures and a clot blocks the artery, a heart attack.

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation (printed 'Vasodialation') are normal changes in vessel diameter. Hypertension is a risk factor that speeds up atherosclerosis, but it is not itself the disease process that blocks the arteries.

Discuss in Forum

20.

Body functions and related energy expenditure :

List-I	List-II
(1) Digestion of food	(i) 55 to 75%
(2) Movement	(ii) 10 to 15%
(3) Resting Metabolism	(iii) 10 to 40%

A.1-iii, 2-ii, 3-i
B.1-ii, 2-iii, 3-i
C.1-ii, 2-i, 3-iii
D.1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: B

The correct match is 1-ii, 2-iii, 3-i.

Daily energy expenditure has three main components:

Digestion of food (the thermic effect of food) accounts for about 10 to 15 per cent (1-ii).
Movement (physical activity) is the most variable part, about 10 to 40 per cent, depending on how active the person is (2-iii).
Resting metabolism (resting or basal metabolic rate) is the largest part, about 55 to 75 per cent (3-i).

Every other code gives the largest share to digestion or to movement, which reverses the usual proportions.

Exercise Physiology Questions and Answers

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