Language Concepts and Pedagogy Questions and Answers

Q: Which of the following groups of words contains only open syllables ?

The group with only open syllables is table, no, enemy, foe.An open syllable ends in a vowel sound, with no consonant closing it: no, foe, and the syllables of e-ne-my and the first syllable of ta-ble. A closed syllable ends in a consonant after the vowel, as in cat.Each other set contains clearly closed syllables. In the first, plain and wait end in consonants. In the second, truck, bed and sock all do. In the last, hit, keep, ask and hold all do. So by elimination too, only the third set fits.

Q: A diphthong is :

A diphthong is a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable.In a diphthong the tongue glides from one vowel position to another within one syllable, as in my /ai/, boy /oi/ and now /au/. A pure vowel, or monophthong, keeps one quality throughout.An unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one describes an iamb, a metrical foot. Unaccented syllables said with little or no stress describe weak syllables. A low pitch with a low frequency describes intonation or sound quality. None of these defines a diphthong.

Q: A fricative sound is produced with :

A fricative is produced with a stricture of close approximation.For a fricative the articulators come close together without closing completely, so the air is forced through a narrow gap and produces audible friction: /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /th/ and so on. This is the standard description in phonetics textbooks such as Roach's.Open approximation leaves a wide gap with no friction, as for vowels and approximants. A flap is a single quick tap of the tongue. An open nasal passage gives nasal sounds such as /m/ and /n/. Only close approximation describes a fricative.

Q: The belief that a second language can be taught in the same way as the learner's first language by using only the target language; forms the basis for the :

The belief forms the basis for the Direct or Natural Method.The Direct Method holds that a second language should be learnt the way a child learns the first: through the target language only, with no translation, meaning taught by objects, pictures and actions, and grammar learnt from examples.The Audio-Lingual Method rests on behaviourist drills and pattern practice. The Functional and Communicative approaches organise teaching around language functions and real communication. None of them rests on imitating first-language learning.

Q: In the phrase a cup of milk, the relation between cup and milk is ................... .

The relation is syntagmatic.Saussure's distinction is between two axes. A syntagmatic relation holds between items that are present together in a sequence, combining in a chain: in a cup of milk, cup and milk occur side by side and combine to make the phrase. A paradigmatic relation holds between items that could replace each other in one slot, such as cup, glass and jug, of which only one appears at a time.Since cup and milk co-occur rather than substitute for each other, the relation is syntagmatic, not paradigmatic. 'Lucid' and 'cogent' are not linguistic terms for relations between words at all.

Q: All sounds of English are articulated with ................. .

English sounds are made with a pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism.'Pulmonic' means the air comes from the lungs and 'egressive' means it is pushed outwards. Every English consonant and vowel is produced on this outgoing lung air, which is then shaped by the larynx, tongue and lips.A pulmonic ingressive stream (speaking while breathing in) is not used for English speech sounds. The glottalic mechanism produces ejectives and implosives, found in languages such as Amharic or Sindhi but not in English. 'Palatal airstream' is not an airstream mechanism at all; palatal is a place of articulation.

Q: Vowels of English are produced with .................. .

English vowels are produced with open approximation.Phoneticians classify sounds by how close the articulators come together. In a vowel the tongue approaches the roof of the mouth but leaves a wide passage, so air flows out freely without friction. That degree of stricture is called open approximation.Complete closure, and complete oral closure, describe plosives such as /p/ and /t/ and nasals, where the air is blocked in the mouth. Close approximation describes fricatives such as /s/ and /f/, where the narrow gap causes audible friction. Vowels have neither the block nor the friction.

Q: A wh-question in English is spoken with a .................. .

A wh-question is normally spoken with a falling tone.In English intonation, questions beginning with a wh-word (who, what, where, why, when, how) already signal by their grammar that they are questions, and the neutral tone on them is falling: Where are you GOing? with the pitch falling on the stressed syllable.A rising tone is typical of yes-no questions (Are you coming?). A wh-question said with a rise sounds like a request for repetition or a show of special warmth. Fall-rise and rise-fall carry attitudes such as reservation or strong feeling, not the neutral question.

61.

The concept of deep structure and surface structure was given by :

A.Whorf
B.Sapier
C.Halliday
D.Chomsky

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: D

The concept of deep structure and surface structure was given by Noam Chomsky.

In transformational-generative grammar, especially Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965), the deep structure carries the basic meaning-bearing form of a sentence, and transformations turn it into the surface structure that is actually spoken. 'John is easy to please' and 'John is eager to please' look alike on the surface but differ in deep structure.

Whorf (with Sapir) is known for linguistic relativity, the idea that language shapes thought, and Halliday for systemic functional grammar. None proposed this distinction.

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62.

Which of the following groups of words contains only open syllables ?

A.baby, plain, say, wait
B.truck, bed, sock, happen
C.table, no, enemy, foe
D.hit, keep, ask, hold

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: C

The group with only open syllables is table, no, enemy, foe.

An open syllable ends in a vowel sound, with no consonant closing it: no, foe, and the syllables of e-ne-my and the first syllable of ta-ble. A closed syllable ends in a consonant after the vowel, as in cat.

Each other set contains clearly closed syllables. In the first, plain and wait end in consonants. In the second, truck, bed and sock all do. In the last, hit, keep, ask and hold all do. So by elimination too, only the third set fits.

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63.

The realisation of a morpheme in terms of a phoneme is called :

A.morphophonemics
B.phonemics
C.semantics
D.pragmatics

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: A

The realisation of a morpheme in terms of phonemes is called morphophonemics.

Morphophonemics studies how morphemes take different phonemic shapes in different environments. The English plural morpheme, for example, is realised as /s/ in cats, /z/ in dogs and /iz/ in horses, depending on the sound before it.

Phonemics studies the sound units of a language by themselves, without reference to morphemes. Semantics studies meaning, and pragmatics studies meaning in context and use. Only morphophonemics links the two levels the stem describes.

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64.

A diphthong is :

A.an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable
B.a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable
C.unaccented syllables pronounced with little or no stress
D.a low pitch having a low frequency sound

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: B

A diphthong is a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable.

In a diphthong the tongue glides from one vowel position to another within one syllable, as in my /ai/, boy /oi/ and now /au/. A pure vowel, or monophthong, keeps one quality throughout.

An unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one describes an iamb, a metrical foot. Unaccented syllables said with little or no stress describe weak syllables. A low pitch with a low frequency describes intonation or sound quality. None of these defines a diphthong.

Discuss in Forum

65.

A fricative sound is produced with :

A.a stricture of open approximation
B.a flap
C.nasal passage open
D.a stricture of close approximation

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: D

A fricative is produced with a stricture of close approximation.

For a fricative the articulators come close together without closing completely, so the air is forced through a narrow gap and produces audible friction: /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /th/ and so on. This is the standard description in phonetics textbooks such as Roach's.

Open approximation leaves a wide gap with no friction, as for vowels and approximants. A flap is a single quick tap of the tongue. An open nasal passage gives nasal sounds such as /m/ and /n/. Only close approximation describes a fricative.

Discuss in Forum

66.

The belief that a second language can be taught in the same way as the learner's first language by using only the target language; forms the basis for the :

A.Audio-Lingual Method
B.Functional Method
C.Direct or Natural Method
D.Communicative Method

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: C

The belief forms the basis for the Direct or Natural Method.

The Direct Method holds that a second language should be learnt the way a child learns the first: through the target language only, with no translation, meaning taught by objects, pictures and actions, and grammar learnt from examples.

The Audio-Lingual Method rests on behaviourist drills and pattern practice. The Functional and Communicative approaches organise teaching around language functions and real communication. None of them rests on imitating first-language learning.

Discuss in Forum

67.

In the phrase a cup of milk, the relation between cup and milk is ................... .

A.Paradigmatic
B.Lucid
C.Syntagmatic
D.Cogent

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

The relation is syntagmatic.

Saussure's distinction is between two axes. A syntagmatic relation holds between items that are present together in a sequence, combining in a chain: in a cup of milk, cup and milk occur side by side and combine to make the phrase. A paradigmatic relation holds between items that could replace each other in one slot, such as cup, glass and jug, of which only one appears at a time.

Since cup and milk co-occur rather than substitute for each other, the relation is syntagmatic, not paradigmatic. 'Lucid' and 'cogent' are not linguistic terms for relations between words at all.

Discuss in Forum

68.

All sounds of English are articulated with ................. .

A.Pulmonic ingressive air stream mechanism
B.Pulmonic egressive air stream mechanism
C.Glottal airstream mechanism
D.Palatal airstream mechanism

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: B

English sounds are made with a pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism.

'Pulmonic' means the air comes from the lungs and 'egressive' means it is pushed outwards. Every English consonant and vowel is produced on this outgoing lung air, which is then shaped by the larynx, tongue and lips.

A pulmonic ingressive stream (speaking while breathing in) is not used for English speech sounds. The glottalic mechanism produces ejectives and implosives, found in languages such as Amharic or Sindhi but not in English. 'Palatal airstream' is not an airstream mechanism at all; palatal is a place of articulation.

Discuss in Forum

69.

Vowels of English are produced with .................. .

A.Complete closure
B.Close approximation
C.Open approximation
D.Complete oral closure

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

English vowels are produced with open approximation.

Phoneticians classify sounds by how close the articulators come together. In a vowel the tongue approaches the roof of the mouth but leaves a wide passage, so air flows out freely without friction. That degree of stricture is called open approximation.

Complete closure, and complete oral closure, describe plosives such as /p/ and /t/ and nasals, where the air is blocked in the mouth. Close approximation describes fricatives such as /s/ and /f/, where the narrow gap causes audible friction. Vowels have neither the block nor the friction.

Discuss in Forum

70.

A wh-question in English is spoken with a .................. .

A.Falling tone
B.Rising tone
C.Falling-rising tone
D.Rising-falling tone

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

A wh-question is normally spoken with a falling tone.

In English intonation, questions beginning with a wh-word (who, what, where, why, when, how) already signal by their grammar that they are questions, and the neutral tone on them is falling: Where are you GOing? with the pitch falling on the stressed syllable.

A rising tone is typical of yes-no questions (Are you coming?). A wh-question said with a rise sounds like a request for repetition or a show of special warmth. Fall-rise and rise-fall carry attitudes such as reservation or strong feeling, not the neutral question.

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