Research Methods and Design Questions and Answers

Q: Which of the following sampling methods is not based on probability ?

The method that is not based on probability is quota sampling.In quota sampling the researcher chooses people to fill set quotas, such as numbers by age or sex, and selection within each quota is left to judgement. Not every unit has a known chance of being selected, so it is a non-probability method.Simple random, stratified and cluster sampling all use random selection with known probabilities.

Q: Which one of the following is not a type of experimental method ?

The one that is not a type of experimental method is the residual group experiment.The recognised designs of the group experimental method are the single group, the parallel group and the rotation group experiments.The option printed as 'rational group' is evidently a misprint for rotation group, which is a real type, while 'residual group' is no type at all. So the key's choice of the residual group experiment is the one that does not belong.

Q: Which one of the following is not a non-parametric test ?

The one that is not a non-parametric test is the t-test.The t-test assumes that the data come from a normally distributed population and uses parameters such as the mean and standard deviation, so it is a parametric test.The sign test, the chi-square test and the run test do not assume a particular distribution and work on signs, frequencies or runs, so they are non-parametric.A useful rule is that parametric tests use means and standard deviations of interval data, while non-parametric tests use ranks, signs or counts of categories.

Q: With which one of the following techniques communality is associated ?

Communality is associated with factor analysis.In factor analysis the communality of a variable is the share of its variance that is explained by the common factors taken together. A high communality means that the factors account well for that variable.Univariate analysis looks at one variable, case studies are qualitative, and SWOT analysis is a planning tool. None of them uses communality.The communality values appear in the output table of a factor analysis next to the factor loadings, and a value near 1 means that the common factors account for nearly all variance in the variable.

Q: Which one of the following is a nonprobability sampling method ?

The non-probability sampling method is quota sampling.In quota sampling the investigator fills fixed numbers from each group by choice, so units are not drawn by chance and their probability of selection is unknown.Simple random, stratified and cluster sampling all draw units by a random process with known probabilities, so they are probability methods.A good way to remember this is that in probability sampling every unit of the population has a known, non-zero chance of selection, and quota sampling has no such chance, since choice is left to the interviewer.

61.

Sampling error decreases with the

A.decrease in sample size
B.increase in sample size
C.process of randomization
D.process of analysis

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Sampling error decreases with an increase in sample size. The larger the sample, the closer the sample statistics come to the population values, since random differences between a sample and the population average out.

A smaller sample would raise the error. Randomisation protects against bias in selecting units but does not by itself shrink the error caused by chance, and the process of analysis is a later stage which does not alter the error of sampling.

In practice, a researcher who wants a smaller sampling error either enlarges the sample or uses a better design, and for simple random samples the standard error falls in proportion to the square root of the sample size.

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62.

The population information is called parameter while the corresponding sample information is known as

A.Universe
B.Inference
C.Sampling design
D.Statistics

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The population information is called a parameter and the corresponding information drawn from a sample is known as a statistic. For example, the mean of the whole population is a parameter, and the mean of a sample is a statistic that is used to estimate it.

The universe is the population itself, inference is the conclusion reached from the sample, and sampling design is the plan for choosing the sample, so none of them names sample information.

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63.

In sampling, the lottery method is used for

A.Interpretation
B.Theorisation
C.Conceptualisation
D.Randomisation

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

In sampling, the lottery method is used for randomisation. Each unit is given a chance of selection by drawing slips or numbers at random, so that the selection is free of the investigator's choice.

Interpretation, theorisation and conceptualisation belong to other parts of research and have nothing to do with drawing a sample.

Other methods of random selection include the use of random number tables and computer-generated numbers, but the draw of lots is the classical example given for the lottery method.

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64.

Which of the following sampling methods is not based on probability ?

A.Simple Random Sampling
B.Stratified Sampling
C.Quota Sampling
D.Cluster Sampling

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The method that is not based on probability is quota sampling.

In quota sampling the researcher chooses people to fill set quotas, such as numbers by age or sex, and selection within each quota is left to judgement. Not every unit has a known chance of being selected, so it is a non-probability method.

Simple random, stratified and cluster sampling all use random selection with known probabilities.

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65.

Which one of the following is not a type of experimental method ?

A.Single group experiment
B.Residual group experiment
C.Parallel group experiment
D.Rational group experiment

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The one that is not a type of experimental method is the residual group experiment.

The recognised designs of the group experimental method are the single group, the parallel group and the rotation group experiments.

The option printed as 'rational group' is evidently a misprint for rotation group, which is a real type, while 'residual group' is no type at all. So the key's choice of the residual group experiment is the one that does not belong.

Discuss in Forum

66.

Which one of the following is not a non-parametric test ?

A.t-test
B.Sign test
C.Chi-square test
D.Run test

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The one that is not a non-parametric test is the t-test.

The t-test assumes that the data come from a normally distributed population and uses parameters such as the mean and standard deviation, so it is a parametric test.

The sign test, the chi-square test and the run test do not assume a particular distribution and work on signs, frequencies or runs, so they are non-parametric.

A useful rule is that parametric tests use means and standard deviations of interval data, while non-parametric tests use ranks, signs or counts of categories.

Discuss in Forum

67.

With which one of the following techniques communality is associated ?

A.Univariate analysis
B.Factor analysis
C.Case studies
D.SWOT analysis

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Communality is associated with factor analysis.

In factor analysis the communality of a variable is the share of its variance that is explained by the common factors taken together. A high communality means that the factors account well for that variable.

Univariate analysis looks at one variable, case studies are qualitative, and SWOT analysis is a planning tool. None of them uses communality.

The communality values appear in the output table of a factor analysis next to the factor loadings, and a value near 1 means that the common factors account for nearly all variance in the variable.

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68.

The variable which impacts the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable is known as

A.antecedent variable
B.precedent variable
C.predictor variable
D.control variable

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The key gives the variable that affects the relation between an independent and a dependent variable as the control variable.

A control variable is one that is held constant or accounted for because it can change the relationship being studied.

Antecedent variable and precedent variable are not standard terms of this kind, and a predictor variable is another name for the independent variable. Strictly the term for a variable that changes the strength of a relation is a moderator, which is not offered here, so the key's choice is the nearest.

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69.

Which one of the following is a nonprobability sampling method ?

A.Simple Random Sampling
B.Stratified Sampling
C.Cluster Sampling
D.Quota Sampling

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The non-probability sampling method is quota sampling.

In quota sampling the investigator fills fixed numbers from each group by choice, so units are not drawn by chance and their probability of selection is unknown.

Simple random, stratified and cluster sampling all draw units by a random process with known probabilities, so they are probability methods.

A good way to remember this is that in probability sampling every unit of the population has a known, non-zero chance of selection, and quota sampling has no such chance, since choice is left to the interviewer.

Discuss in Forum

70.

The research approach of Max Weber to understand how people create meanings in natural settings is identified as

A.positive paradigm
B.critical paradigm
C.natural paradigm
D.interpretative paradigm

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: D

Max Weber's approach to understanding how people create meanings in natural settings is the interpretative paradigm. Weber stressed verstehen, the interpretive understanding of the meanings people give to their actions.

The positive paradigm seeks causal laws by measurement, and the critical paradigm aims at changing social structures. 'Natural paradigm' is not a recognised label for his approach. Weber's view was that social action must be understood through the meaning the actors attach to it.

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