Match the List I and List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :List I (Projection)List II (Area coverage/purpose)(a) Bonne's(1) Small longitudinal extent(b) Mercator(2) Navigational charts(c) Polyconic(3) Mid latitudes(d) Mollweide(4) Distribution map across the globe

The correct matching is a-3, b-2, c-1, d-4.Bonne's projection, an equal-area conical projection, suits mid-latitude countries and continents.Mercator's projection keeps true direction (rhumb lines are straight), so it is used for navigational charts.The polyconic projection is accurate for areas of small longitudinal extent, as in topographical sheets.Mollweide's equal-area projection shows distributions across the globe.The other codes give Mercator to mid-latitudes or Bonne's to world maps, which is wrong.

Match List I with List II and select the correct option from the codes given below :List I (Geostationary Satellite)List II (Country/Agency)(a) GOES(1) European Space Union(b) GOMS(2) USA(c) GMS(3) Russia(d) METEOSAT(4) Japan

The correct matching is a-2, b-3, c-4, d-1.GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite): USA.GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite, Elektro): Russia.GMS (Geostationary Meteorological Satellite, Himawari): Japan.METEOSAT: Europe (EUMETSAT and the European Space Agency).Option A swaps Russia and Japan, B gives GOES to Europe, and D gives GOES to Japan.

Geographical Techniques Questions and Answers

Q: By 'Spatial Data' we mean that data that has :

Spatial data are data that have Positional values.Spatial (geographic) data describe where things are: each feature carries a location, such as latitude and longitude or map coordinates, along with its shape and its relationship to other features. GIS stores them as points, lines and polygons (vector) or as grids of cells (raster), each tied to a position on the Earth.Complex, graphic and decimal values describe forms of numbers or display, which any data might have; what makes data spatial is the position attached to them.

Q: If the distance between two points on the ground is 25 km and the distance between the same two points on a map is 10 cm, then the Representative Fraction (RF) scale of the map is ..........

The RF scale is 1 : 250000.Convert both distances to the same unit and divide:\[ \begin{aligned} 25\ \text{km} &= 25 \times 100000\ \text{cm} \\ &= 2500000\ \text{cm} \\ \text{RF} &= \frac{10}{2500000} = \frac{1}{250000} \end{aligned} \]So 1 cm on the map represents 2.5 km on the ground. 1 : 2500000 is what you get by forgetting to divide by the 10 cm of map distance, and 1 : 25000 or 1 : 2500 come from errors in the number of zeros when converting kilometres to centimetres.

Q: ............. is not an example of statistical surface.

A Tourism map is not an example of a statistical surface.A statistical surface represents a quantity that varies continuously over space, so that every point has a value and the values can be shown by isolines or shading as if they were heights. Rainfall, elevation and soil productivity all vary continuously in this way.A tourism map shows the location of attractions, routes and facilities, discrete qualitative features rather than a continuous quantity, so it is not a statistical surface.

Q: Fragmented lines drawn in relief maps are known as :

Broken lines in relief maps are Form lines.Form lines are approximate contours, drawn as broken or dashed lines, where the ground has not been surveyed accurately. They show the general shape of the relief without exact heights.Contours are continuous lines joining points of equal surveyed height. Rhumb lines are lines of constant compass bearing, and graticules are the network of parallels and meridians, neither of which shows relief.

Q: The variability of rainfall is best represented by which of the following technique ?

Rainfall variability is best represented by the Coefficient of variation.\[ CV = \frac{\sigma}{\bar{x}} \times 100 \]The coefficient of variation expresses the standard deviation as a percentage of the mean, so it allows places with very different average rainfall to be compared. A desert and a wet coast may have similar standard deviations, but the CV shows that the desert's rainfall is far less reliable.Mean deviation, standard deviation and interquartile range are absolute measures in millimetres, which cannot be compared fairly between places with different means.

Q: How stratified sampling is carried out ?

Stratified sampling is carried out by dividing the population into homogeneous groups and selecting equally but randomly.The population is first divided into strata whose members are alike in the characteristic that matters (for example soil type, land-use class or income group), and a random sample is then drawn from each stratum. This ensures every group is represented.Option A and D describe simple random sampling, and C is wrong because the groups in stratified sampling are not formed at random but by a known characteristic.

Q: 'Chi-square Test' is used to measure :

The chi-square test measures Goodness of fit.The test compares observed frequencies with the frequencies expected under a hypothesis:\[ \chi^{2} = \sum \frac{(O - E)^{2}}{E} \]A small value means the observations fit the expected distribution well; a large value means the difference is unlikely to be due to chance. It is also used to test whether two attributes are independent.Mean deviation and variation are measures of dispersion, and trend is measured by moving averages or regression, not by chi-square.

Q: Which of the following formula is used to calculate the drainage density of a region or basin ?

Drainage density is total length of streams in km / total area in square km.\[ D_d = \frac{\sum L}{A} \]Defined by Horton, it measures how closely a basin is dissected by stream channels. High values indicate impermeable rocks, sparse vegetation and high relief; low values indicate permeable rocks and dense vegetation.Total number of streams per unit area is stream frequency, basin area divided by the square of basin length is the form factor, and basin area divided by the area of a circle of the same perimeter is the circularity ratio.

81.

By 'Spatial Data' we mean that data that has :

A.Complex values
B.Positional values
C.Graphic values
D.Decimal values

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: B

Spatial data are data that have Positional values.

Spatial (geographic) data describe where things are: each feature carries a location, such as latitude and longitude or map coordinates, along with its shape and its relationship to other features. GIS stores them as points, lines and polygons (vector) or as grids of cells (raster), each tied to a position on the Earth.

Complex, graphic and decimal values describe forms of numbers or display, which any data might have; what makes data spatial is the position attached to them.

Discuss in Forum

82.

If the distance between two points on the ground is 25 km and the distance between the same two points on a map is 10 cm, then the Representative Fraction (RF) scale of the map is ..........

A.1 : 2500
B.1 : 25000
C.1 : 250000
D.1 : 2500000

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

The RF scale is 1 : 250000.

Convert both distances to the same unit and divide:

\[ \begin{aligned} 25\ \text{km} &= 25 \times 100000\ \text{cm} \\ &= 2500000\ \text{cm} \\ \text{RF} &= \frac{10}{2500000} = \frac{1}{250000} \end{aligned} \]

So 1 cm on the map represents 2.5 km on the ground. 1 : 2500000 is what you get by forgetting to divide by the 10 cm of map distance, and 1 : 25000 or 1 : 2500 come from errors in the number of zeros when converting kilometres to centimetres.

Discuss in Forum

83.

............. is not an example of statistical surface.

A.Rainfall distribution map
B.Elevation map
C.Tourism map
D.Soil productivity map

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

A Tourism map is not an example of a statistical surface.

A statistical surface represents a quantity that varies continuously over space, so that every point has a value and the values can be shown by isolines or shading as if they were heights. Rainfall, elevation and soil productivity all vary continuously in this way.

A tourism map shows the location of attractions, routes and facilities, discrete qualitative features rather than a continuous quantity, so it is not a statistical surface.

Discuss in Forum

84.

Match the List I and List II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List I (Projection)	List II (Area coverage/purpose)
(a) Bonne's	(1) Small longitudinal extent
(b) Mercator	(2) Navigational charts
(c) Polyconic	(3) Mid latitudes
(d) Mollweide	(4) Distribution map across the globe

A.a-4, b-3, c-1, d-2
B.a-3, b-2, c-1, d-4
C.a-3, b-1, c-2, d-4
D.a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: B

The correct matching is a-3, b-2, c-1, d-4.

Bonne's projection, an equal-area conical projection, suits mid-latitude countries and continents.
Mercator's projection keeps true direction (rhumb lines are straight), so it is used for navigational charts.
The polyconic projection is accurate for areas of small longitudinal extent, as in topographical sheets.
Mollweide's equal-area projection shows distributions across the globe.

The other codes give Mercator to mid-latitudes or Bonne's to world maps, which is wrong.

Discuss in Forum

85.

Fragmented lines drawn in relief maps are known as :

A.Contours
B.Rhumb lines
C.Form lines
D.Graticules

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

Broken lines in relief maps are Form lines.

Form lines are approximate contours, drawn as broken or dashed lines, where the ground has not been surveyed accurately. They show the general shape of the relief without exact heights.

Contours are continuous lines joining points of equal surveyed height. Rhumb lines are lines of constant compass bearing, and graticules are the network of parallels and meridians, neither of which shows relief.

Discuss in Forum

86.

The variability of rainfall is best represented by which of the following technique ?

A.Mean deviation
B.Standard deviation
C.Coefficient of variation
D.Interquartile range

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

Rainfall variability is best represented by the Coefficient of variation.

\[ CV = \frac{\sigma}{\bar{x}} \times 100 \]

The coefficient of variation expresses the standard deviation as a percentage of the mean, so it allows places with very different average rainfall to be compared. A desert and a wet coast may have similar standard deviations, but the CV shows that the desert's rainfall is far less reliable.

Mean deviation, standard deviation and interquartile range are absolute measures in millimetres, which cannot be compared fairly between places with different means.

Discuss in Forum

87.

How stratified sampling is carried out ?

A.Sample is made up of elements which are randomly selected from the population
B.Dividing the population into homogeneous groups and select equally but randomly
C.Population divided into random groups and select equally from each group
D.Assigning numbers to the population and selecting randomly the numbers

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: B

Stratified sampling is carried out by dividing the population into homogeneous groups and selecting equally but randomly.

The population is first divided into strata whose members are alike in the characteristic that matters (for example soil type, land-use class or income group), and a random sample is then drawn from each stratum. This ensures every group is represented.

Option A and D describe simple random sampling, and C is wrong because the groups in stratified sampling are not formed at random but by a known characteristic.

Discuss in Forum

88.

'Chi-square Test' is used to measure :

A.Mean deviation
B.Goodness of fit
C.Trend
D.Variation

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: B

The chi-square test measures Goodness of fit.

The test compares observed frequencies with the frequencies expected under a hypothesis:

\[ \chi^{2} = \sum \frac{(O - E)^{2}}{E} \]

A small value means the observations fit the expected distribution well; a large value means the difference is unlikely to be due to chance. It is also used to test whether two attributes are independent.

Mean deviation and variation are measures of dispersion, and trend is measured by moving averages or regression, not by chi-square.

Discuss in Forum

89.

Which of the following formula is used to calculate the drainage density of a region or basin ?

A.Total number of streams/total area in square km
B.Basin area/basin length square
C.Total length of streams in km/total area in square km
D.Area of the basin/area of the circle with same perimeter as the basin

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

Drainage density is total length of streams in km / total area in square km.

\[ D_d = \frac{\sum L}{A} \]

Defined by Horton, it measures how closely a basin is dissected by stream channels. High values indicate impermeable rocks, sparse vegetation and high relief; low values indicate permeable rocks and dense vegetation.

Total number of streams per unit area is stream frequency, basin area divided by the square of basin length is the form factor, and basin area divided by the area of a circle of the same perimeter is the circularity ratio.

Discuss in Forum

90.

Match List I with List II and select the correct option from the codes given below :

List I (Geostationary Satellite)	List II (Country/Agency)
(a) GOES	(1) European Space Union
(b) GOMS	(2) USA
(c) GMS	(3) Russia
(d) METEOSAT	(4) Japan

A.a-2, b-4, c-3, d-1
B.a-1, b-3, c-4, d-2
C.a-2, b-3, c-4, d-1
D.a-4, b-3, c-1, d-2

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

The correct matching is a-2, b-3, c-4, d-1.

GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite): USA.
GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite, Elektro): Russia.
GMS (Geostationary Meteorological Satellite, Himawari): Japan.
METEOSAT: Europe (EUMETSAT and the European Space Agency).

Option A swaps Russia and Japan, B gives GOES to Europe, and D gives GOES to Japan.

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