State, Politics and Development Questions and Answers

91.

"World System Theory" of development explains the relationships between the 'developed' and 'developing' countries. Who among the following gave 'World System Theory' of development ?

A.Gunnar Myrdal
B.Wallersteins
C.M.K. Gandhi
D.A. Sen

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The World System Theory of development, which explains the relationship between the developed core and the developing periphery, was given by Immanuel Wallerstein.

Gunnar Myrdal wrote on cumulative causation and the Asian drama, M.K. Gandhi on village self-rule, and A. Sen on capabilities, so options A, C and D are wrong.

Wallerstein's three zones are the core (industrial, rich states), the semi-periphery and the periphery (raw-material producers), and the theory holds that the core grows by drawing surplus from the periphery. His main work is 'The Modern World-System' (1974).

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92.

Which type of poverty involves assessing the gaps between the living conditions of some groups and those enjoyed by the majority of a population ?

A.Enforced poverty
B.Culture of poverty
C.Relative poverty
D.Absolute poverty

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

Relative poverty is the type of poverty that involves assessing the gaps between the living conditions of some groups and those enjoyed by the majority of the population. It is defined in comparison with the general standard in a society, so it can exist even where basic needs are met.

Absolute poverty is a lack of the minimum needed to live, measured against a fixed standard. Culture of poverty is Oscar Lewis's idea of a set of values passed on in poor families. Enforced poverty is not a standard category in this sense. Only relative poverty is a comparison with the majority.

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93.

Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R) :

Assertion (A) : High growth of population is an indicator of low level of development in the society.
Reason (R) : High birth rate is related to illiteracy and poverty in the society.
In the context of the above statements, which one of the following is correct ?

A.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

Both statements are true and the reason explains the assertion. A high rate of population growth goes with a low level of development, and high birth rates are related to illiteracy and poverty, which are themselves signs of low development.

The option that says the reason does not explain is wrong because illiteracy and poverty are among the causes of high fertility and signs of low development. The options calling either statement false are wrong.

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94.

Given below are two statements one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R) :

Assertion (A) : Economic regional disparities exist in India.
Reason (R) : Economic regional disparity is an outcome of allocation of budget by the Government.
In the context of the above statement, which one of the following is correct ?

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The official key takes both statements as true and the reason as the explanation. Regional economic disparities do exist in India, and the key accepts that the allocation of budget by the government contributes to them. I could not confirm this in a source, and some would argue that disparities arise also from history, resources and private investment, so the reason is accepted as the key states it.

The options saying the reason is not the explanation, or that it is false, are those the key rejects.

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95.

Assertion (A) : Nepotism and corruption are rampant in Indian society.

Reason (R) : These are due to democracy and bureaucracy.

A.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
B.Both (A) and (R) are true.
C.(A) is false and (R) is true.
D.Both (A) and (R) are false.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The assertion is true and the reason is false. Nepotism and corruption are widespread in Indian society, which is why the assertion is accepted. The reason says that they are due to democracy and bureaucracy, which is not accepted, since these are systems of governance and the evil lies in the misuse of power and in social attitudes such as kinship loyalty.

The options that call the reason true, or the assertion false, are wrong.

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96.

Human Development Index (HDI) used by Prof. Mahbabul Haque in order to measure the level of development amongst various countries include the following set of indicators. Mark the right answer.

A.Health, Education and Income
B.Freedom, Equality and Fraternity
C.Equity, Social justice and Liberty
D.Openness, Freedom and Equality

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The Human Development Index, developed by Mahbub ul Haq, includes health, education and income. It combines life expectancy at birth, a measure of education such as literacy or years of schooling, and per capita income into a single index.

Freedom, equality and fraternity are the ideals of the French Revolution. Equity, social justice and liberty are values, and openness, freedom and equality are likewise values, so none of them is a set of measured indicators of development.

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97.

Match List - I with List - II and mark the correct code given below :

List - I	List - II
(a) M.K. Gandhi	(i) Swadeshi Model of Development
(b) J.L. Nehru	(ii) Mixed Model of Development
(c) Amartya Sen	(iii) Social Capability Model of Development
(d) Vinoba Bhave	(iv) Sarvodaya Model of Development

Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)

A.(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
B.(ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
C.(iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
D.(iv) (iii) (ii) (i)

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The correct matching is M. K. Gandhi with the Swadeshi model, J. L. Nehru with the mixed model, Amartya Sen with the social capability model and Vinoba Bhave with the Sarvodaya model. This is code A, (i) (ii) (iii) (iv). Gandhi stressed self reliance and swadeshi, Nehru built a mixed economy, Sen's approach is based on capabilities, and Vinoba carried the Sarvodaya idea in the Bhoodan movement.

The other options give Gandhi or Nehru the wrong model, so each is wrong.

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98.

Match List - I with List - II and mark the correct code given below :

List - I	List - II
(a) Centre-periphery	(i) M.K. Gandhi
(b) Open-close societies	(ii) Samir Amin
(c) Centre-Semi-periphery	(iii) Gunnar Myrdal
(d) Trusteeship	(iv) Andre Gunder Frank
	(v) Amrita Sen

Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)

A.(v) (iii) (ii) (i)
B.(iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
C.(i) (ii) (iii) (v)
D.(ii) (i) (iv) (iii)

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The official key gives code B, (iv) (iii) (ii) (i): centre and periphery with Andre Gunder Frank, open and closed societies with Gunnar Myrdal, centre and semi-periphery with Samir Amin, and trusteeship with M. K. Gandhi. Trusteeship is certainly Gandhi's, and Frank is well known for the centre and periphery idea. I could not confirm the other two pairings, since the semi-periphery is more often credited to Wallerstein, so the key is followed.

Options A, C and D give trusteeship to someone other than Gandhi or give the last pair to Amrita Sen, a misprint, so the key rejects them.

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99.

Match List - I (Scientists) and the

List - II (Theories of Development) given below :

List - I (Scientists)	List - II (Theories of Development)
(a) A.G. Frank	(i) Soft State
(b) Gunnar Myrdal	(ii) Uneven development
(c) Max Weber	(iii) Cultural
(d) Samir Amin	(iv) Centreperiphery

Select the correct answer from the codes given below

Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)

A.(i) (iv) (iii) (ii)
B.(iv) (i) (iii) (ii)
C.(ii) (i) (iii) (iv)
D.(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The correct matching is A. G. Frank with the centre and periphery idea, Gunnar Myrdal with the soft state, Max Weber with the cultural theory and Samir Amin with uneven development. This is code B, (iv) (i) (iii) (ii). Myrdal described India and other poor countries as soft states in Asian Drama. Weber linked capitalism to the Protestant ethic, which is a cultural theory, and Amin wrote on unequal development.

Options A, C and D give the soft state to Frank or to Amin, which is wrong.

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100.

The variable sum concept of power is based on the assumption that

A.value consensus is essential for society.
B.value dissension is essential for society.
C.value neutrality is essential for society.
D.values are essential for society.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The variable sum concept of power assumes that value consensus is essential for society. In this view, associated with Parsons, power is a generalised capacity that can be increased when members share common values and give authority to leaders for collective goals, so the total amount of power in a system can grow.

This is in contrast to the zero sum concept of power (Weber, Dahrendorf), which treats power as fixed, so that one side gains only what the other loses. Value dissension, neutrality or values in general are not what the variable sum view rests on.

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