Human Development and Interventions Questions and Answers

Q: What are the final two phases of Levinson's stage model for adult development ?

The keyed pair is age 30 transition phase, settling down period.Levinson's seasons of early adulthood run in this order: early adult transition, entering the adult world, age 30 transition, settling down. Read as the closing steps of that early-adulthood sequence, the last two are the age 30 transition followed by settling down, which is option B. Note that Levinson's full scheme continues into the mid-life transition and middle adulthood, so the stem is incomplete without that reading; B is the only option that is in the right order for it.(D) reverses the order, since the age 30 transition comes before settling down. (C) pairs the transition that starts early adulthood with entering the adult world, which are the earlier phases. (A) names a generic 'transition phase' and so is less specific than B, which names the age 30 transition that actually precedes settling down.

Q: Attentional cueing in infants requires :

Attentional cueing in infants requires a period of direct gaze before averting the gaze.Studies of gaze following show that young infants shift their attention in the direction of another person's averted gaze mainly when the gaze shift is preceded by a period of eye contact (mutual gaze). Direct gaze appears to engage the infant's attention, so that the following gaze shift works as a cue.An acoustic cue, pointing, or a moving colourful stimulus can all attract attention, but they are not what makes another person's gaze an effective attentional cue in these studies.

Q: When would a psychologist label a child as developing typically ?

A child is labelled as developing typically when they follow predictable developmental trajectory.Typical development means reaching physical, cognitive, language and social-emotional milestones within the expected age ranges and in the usual sequence. Psychologists judge it by the overall pattern of development across domains, compared with established norms.Reaching age two without physical problems, reaching certain reading and writing levels, or walking unaided each looks at a single domain or milestone, and a child can meet any one of them while developing atypically in others.

Q: Use of symbols to represent words, images and ideas, occurs at what stage of development ?

The use of symbols arises in the Preoperational stage.In Piaget's theory, the preoperational stage (about 2 to 7 years) is marked by the semiotic or symbolic function: children use words, mental images and pretend play to represent objects and events, for example using a block as a toy car.In the sensorimotor stage infants understand the world through action, and symbolic thought appears only at its end. Concrete and formal operational children use symbols too, but symbolic representation first emerges in the preoperational stage.

Q: Which of the following is false about HIV ?

The false statement is It is considered a terminal condition.With antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV infection is now treated as a chronic, manageable condition: treatment suppresses the virus, and people who receive it early can expect a near-normal life span. So HIV is no longer considered terminal.The statement that HIV is treated with antiretroviral therapy is true. The two statements about large shares of people with HIV being untreated or unaware of their infection describe the testing and treatment gaps reported in health psychology texts, and the key treats them as true.

Q: Which of the following statements is/are true with regards to Primary prevention ?(I) It basically means instilling good health habits and changing poor ones.(II) This means taking measures to combat risk factors for illness before illness has a chance to develop.

Both (I) and (II) are true.In health psychology, primary prevention means taking measures to combat risk factors before illness develops, and it includes instilling good health habits and changing poor ones, such as promoting exercise, a balanced diet and seat-belt use, or helping people stop smoking.Secondary prevention, by contrast, is early detection and treatment of disease that has begun, and tertiary prevention reduces the effects of established illness. Both statements describe primary prevention correctly.

Q: ......... is a general term that refers to illnesses caused by atherosclerosis, the narrowing of the coronary arteries.

The general term is Coronary heart disease.Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the term for illnesses caused by atherosclerosis, the narrowing of the coronary arteries by fatty plaque, which reduces blood flow to the heart muscle. It includes angina and heart attack (myocardial infarction).Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors (obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, abnormal cholesterol), diabetes is a disorder of blood sugar regulation, and Alzheimer's disease is a dementia; none is defined as illness caused by coronary atherosclerosis.

151.

What are the final two phases of Levinson's stage model for adult development ?

A.Transition phase, settling down period
B.Age 30 transition phase, settling down period
C.Transition phase, entering the adult world phase
D.Settling down period, age 30 transition phase

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: B

The keyed pair is age 30 transition phase, settling down period.

Levinson's seasons of early adulthood run in this order: early adult transition, entering the adult world, age 30 transition, settling down. Read as the closing steps of that early-adulthood sequence, the last two are the age 30 transition followed by settling down, which is option B. Note that Levinson's full scheme continues into the mid-life transition and middle adulthood, so the stem is incomplete without that reading; B is the only option that is in the right order for it.

(D) reverses the order, since the age 30 transition comes before settling down. (C) pairs the transition that starts early adulthood with entering the adult world, which are the earlier phases. (A) names a generic 'transition phase' and so is less specific than B, which names the age 30 transition that actually precedes settling down.

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152.

Attentional cueing in infants requires :

A.Attracting the infant's attention with an acoustic cue
B.A period of direct gaze before averting the gaze
C.pointing in the direction of the attentional cue
D.moving a colourful stimulus towards the attentional cue

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: B

Attentional cueing in infants requires a period of direct gaze before averting the gaze.

Studies of gaze following show that young infants shift their attention in the direction of another person's averted gaze mainly when the gaze shift is preceded by a period of eye contact (mutual gaze). Direct gaze appears to engage the infant's attention, so that the following gaze shift works as a cue.

An acoustic cue, pointing, or a moving colourful stimulus can all attract attention, but they are not what makes another person's gaze an effective attentional cue in these studies.

Discuss in Forum

153.

When would a psychologist label a child as developing typically ?

A.When they reach 2 years of age with no obvious physical problems
B.When they follow predictable developmental trajectory
C.When they reach specific levels of reading and writing ability
D.When they can walk unaided

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: B

A child is labelled as developing typically when they follow predictable developmental trajectory.

Typical development means reaching physical, cognitive, language and social-emotional milestones within the expected age ranges and in the usual sequence. Psychologists judge it by the overall pattern of development across domains, compared with established norms.

Reaching age two without physical problems, reaching certain reading and writing levels, or walking unaided each looks at a single domain or milestone, and a child can meet any one of them while developing atypically in others.

Discuss in Forum

154.

Use of symbols to represent words, images and ideas, occurs at what stage of development ?

A.Preoperational stage
B.Sensorimotor stage
C.Concrete operational stage
D.Formal operational stage

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: A

The use of symbols arises in the Preoperational stage.

In Piaget's theory, the preoperational stage (about 2 to 7 years) is marked by the semiotic or symbolic function: children use words, mental images and pretend play to represent objects and events, for example using a block as a toy car.

In the sensorimotor stage infants understand the world through action, and symbolic thought appears only at its end. Concrete and formal operational children use symbols too, but symbolic representation first emerges in the preoperational stage.

Discuss in Forum

155.

Which of the following is false about HIV ?

A.It is considered a terminal condition
B.It is treated using antiretroviral therapy
C.At least half of the people who are HIV-Positive are not being treated
D.About a quarter of people who are HIV-Positive don't know that they have the disease

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: A

The false statement is It is considered a terminal condition.

With antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV infection is now treated as a chronic, manageable condition: treatment suppresses the virus, and people who receive it early can expect a near-normal life span. So HIV is no longer considered terminal.

The statement that HIV is treated with antiretroviral therapy is true. The two statements about large shares of people with HIV being untreated or unaware of their infection describe the testing and treatment gaps reported in health psychology texts, and the key treats them as true.

Discuss in Forum

156.

Which of the following statements is/are true with regards to Primary prevention ?

(I) It basically means instilling good health habits and changing poor ones.
(II) This means taking measures to combat risk factors for illness before illness has a chance to develop.

A.(I) is true, (II) is false
B.(II) is true, (I) is false
C.Both (I) and (II) are false
D.Both (I) and (II) are true

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: D

Both (I) and (II) are true.

In health psychology, primary prevention means taking measures to combat risk factors before illness develops, and it includes instilling good health habits and changing poor ones, such as promoting exercise, a balanced diet and seat-belt use, or helping people stop smoking.

Secondary prevention, by contrast, is early detection and treatment of disease that has begun, and tertiary prevention reduces the effects of established illness. Both statements describe primary prevention correctly.

Discuss in Forum

157.

......... is a general term that refers to illnesses caused by atherosclerosis, the narrowing of the coronary arteries.

A.Metabolic syndrome
B.Diabetes
C.Coronary heart disease
D.Alzheimer

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: C

The general term is Coronary heart disease.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the term for illnesses caused by atherosclerosis, the narrowing of the coronary arteries by fatty plaque, which reduces blood flow to the heart muscle. It includes angina and heart attack (myocardial infarction).

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors (obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, abnormal cholesterol), diabetes is a disorder of blood sugar regulation, and Alzheimer's disease is a dementia; none is defined as illness caused by coronary atherosclerosis.

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158.

Match the List - I with List - II using the codes given below :

List - I (Stages)	List - II (Cognitive development)
p. Operational Concrete	1. Mature adult thought emerges, thinking by deductive logic, abstract thought
q. Preoperational	2. Develops conservation concepts, classify object in series
r. Sensorimotor	3. Represent the world mentally, thought egocentric, child shows animism
s. Formal operational	4. Lacks of language, does not use symbol, internal behaviour begins

Codes : p q r s

A.1 2 4 3
B.2 1 4 3
C.2 3 4 1
D.1 3 4 2

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

The correct matching is p-2, q-3, r-4, s-1. In Piaget's scheme the concrete operational stage brings conservation and the ability to classify objects in series, the preoperational stage is marked by mental representation of the world, egocentric thought and animism, the sensorimotor stage has no language or symbols and only the beginning of internal behaviour, and the formal operational stage brings abstract thought and deductive logic.

The other codes mix up the stages: for example, giving formal operations to p or q, or sensorimotor to the preoperational description. Only 2 3 4 1 gives every stage its own features.

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159.

A realistic understanding of death concept is based on the following ideas :

1. Permanence
2. Universality
3. Mortality
4. Non-functionality

A.1 and 2 only
B.2, 3 and 4 only
C.3 and 4 only
D.1, 2 and 4 only

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

A realistic understanding of death rests on permanence (death is irreversible), universality (all living things die) and non-functionality (all bodily functions stop). So the answer is 1, 2 and 4 only.

Mortality, listed as 3, is only another word for being subject to death, and in the key it is not counted as a separate idea of the concept. The other options leave out one of the three ideas, such as universality or non-functionality, or include mortality.

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160.

Paradoxical Intention is based on which of the following ?

A.Negative practice
B.Logo therapy
C.Existential therapy
D.Reciprocal inhibition

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

Paradoxical intention is based on logotherapy, the existential therapy of Viktor Frankl. The patient is asked to try to do, or even to exaggerate, the thing he fears, which breaks the cycle of anticipatory anxiety.

Negative practice is a behavioural technique of repeating the unwanted habit, and reciprocal inhibition is Wolpe's principle for systematic desensitisation. 'Existential therapy' is the wider school; the technique itself comes from logotherapy, the named answer.

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