Development Communication Questions and Answers

Q: Which model of development communication considers the audience to be targets of an injection or bullet of information fired from the pistol of mass media ?

This is the hypodermic needle theory.The hypodermic needle, or magic bullet, theory of the 1920s and 1930s held that the mass media inject messages directly into a passive and defenceless audience, which accepts them uniformly, like a bullet fired from a gun. It reflected fears about wartime propaganda.'Gun-shot theory' is not the standard name of the model. Agenda setting holds that the media tell people what to think about, not what to think, and the knowledge gap hypothesis says that information flows widen the gap between better- and less-educated groups.

Q: Who is credited with developing Development Support Communication ?

Development Support Communication is credited to Erskine Childers.Erskine Childers, working with the United Nations Development Programme in Asia in the late 1960s and 1970s, developed the idea of development support communication: planned use of communication to support specific development projects, with communication specialists working alongside technical experts and the people concerned.Paulo Freire is known for dialogic, participatory communication and the pedagogy of the oppressed, Everett Rogers for the diffusion of innovations, and Srinivas Melkote for later work on communication for development.

Q: Development Support Communication (DSC) was developed as a reaction against the old development communication model by which organisation of the UN ?

The organisation is the Food and Agricultural Organization.Development support communication grew out of the UN agencies' field experience in the 1960s and 1970s, when the top-down, mass-media model of development communication was seen to fail. The FAO, whose agricultural extension work depends on reaching farmers, set up a Development Support Communication branch and became one of the main UN bodies promoting the approach.The ILO deals with labour standards, the IMF with monetary stability and the ITU with telecommunications standards; none of them developed this communication model.

Q: What does 'Civil Society' mean ?

Civil society is the social sphere in which individuals and organisations coexist.Civil society means the space of voluntary association between the family and the state, made up of non-governmental organisations, community groups, trade unions, professional associations and other bodies through which citizens act together.It is defined against the state, so 'everything that is governmental' is the opposite; mutual understanding between government and individuals is not a definition of it, and it has nothing to do with civilians in cantonments.

Q: What is India's ranking on the 2017 United Nations Human Development Index ?

India ranked 130.The UNDP's Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update gave the rankings based on 2017 data, and placed India 130th of 189 countries, with an HDI value of 0.640, in the medium human development group.The other figures are close to it, which is the trap: India had been ranked 131st in the previous report, and the next report, for 2018 data, put it at 129th. Neither 128, 132 nor 134 was India's rank for 2017.

Q: Apart from infant mortality, literacy rate, death rate what else does PQLI include ?

The missing component is life expectancy.The Physical Quality of Life Index, devised by Morris David Morris for the Overseas Development Council in 1979, averages three indicators, each scaled from 0 to 100: basic literacy, infant mortality and life expectancy at age one. It was designed to measure well-being directly rather than through income per head.Language efficiency, population density and mother nutrition are not part of the index. Population density is a demographic measure, and nutrition, though linked to mortality, is not one of the three components.

Q: Which of the following is not a Devcom project of Indian origin ?

The keyed answer is FDP, the item the key treats as not a development communication project of Indian origin.KCP is the Kheda Communications Project, run in Gujarat from 1975 to 1990 as a participatory, locally produced rural television project. JDCP is the Jhabua Development Communication Project, which grew out of Kheda in the mid 1990s and used satellite reception and talkback terminals in a tribal district. Both are Indian development communication projects, so neither can be the answer.I could not find a development communication project called FDP, and the only link I found for ETV was a passing mention of educational television as a social education programme in India. So the choice between ETV and FDP rests on the key: FDP could not be identified as an Indian project, and I could not confirm what the paper means by either abbreviation.

Q: Which of the following is not a devcom theoretical framework ?

The option that is not a devcom framework is imperialism.Development communication theory works within recognised frameworks for how communication can bring about development: the diffusion of innovations (Everett Rogers), the dependency critique of the dominant paradigm, and strategies such as media advocacy, which uses the mass media to push for changes in policy, especially in public health.Imperialism, in the sense of cultural or media imperialism, is a critique of the flow of media content from rich to poor countries in international communication. It explains a problem rather than offering a framework for planning development communication.

Q: What does ICTDI stand for ?

ICTDI stands for the Information Communication Technology Diffusion Index.The ICT Diffusion Index was developed by UNCTAD (the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) to measure and compare how widely information and communication technologies have spread across countries. It combines indicators of connectivity, such as internet users, telephone lines and mobile subscribers, with indicators of access, such as literacy and cost.The other expansions are invented phrases built from the letters. 'Indian Citizen to Digital India' and 'International Communication to Developing India' borrow the name of the Digital India programme but are not the index.

Q: Who proposed the Awareness Trial Reinforcement model ?

The Awareness-Trial-Reinforcement model was proposed by Andrew Ehrenberg.Ehrenberg, a British marketing scientist, put forward the ATR model in 1974 as an alternative to strong persuasion models such as AIDA. In it advertising works weakly: it creates awareness, buyers try the brand, and advertising then reinforces the habit of those who already buy it, rather than converting people by persuasion.David Ogilvy was the founder of Ogilvy and Mather, famous for his copywriting principles; Piyush Pandey led Ogilvy in India; and Alyque Padamsee headed Lintas India. None of them proposed this model.

11.

Which model of development communication considers the audience to be targets of an injection or bullet of information fired from the pistol of mass media ?

A.Hypodermic needle theory
B.Gun-shot theory
C.Agenda setting theory
D.Knowledge gap theory

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

This is the hypodermic needle theory.

The hypodermic needle, or magic bullet, theory of the 1920s and 1930s held that the mass media inject messages directly into a passive and defenceless audience, which accepts them uniformly, like a bullet fired from a gun. It reflected fears about wartime propaganda.

'Gun-shot theory' is not the standard name of the model. Agenda setting holds that the media tell people what to think about, not what to think, and the knowledge gap hypothesis says that information flows widen the gap between better- and less-educated groups.

Discuss in Forum

12.

Who is credited with developing Development Support Communication ?

A.Erskine Childers
B.Paulo Friere
C.Everett Rogers
D.Srinivas Melkote

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

Development Support Communication is credited to Erskine Childers.

Erskine Childers, working with the United Nations Development Programme in Asia in the late 1960s and 1970s, developed the idea of development support communication: planned use of communication to support specific development projects, with communication specialists working alongside technical experts and the people concerned.

Paulo Freire is known for dialogic, participatory communication and the pedagogy of the oppressed, Everett Rogers for the diffusion of innovations, and Srinivas Melkote for later work on communication for development.

Discuss in Forum

13.

Development Support Communication (DSC) was developed as a reaction against the old development communication model by which organisation of the UN ?

A.International Labour Organization
B.International Monetary Fund
C.International Telecommunication Union
D.Food and Agricultural Organization

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

The organisation is the Food and Agricultural Organization.

Development support communication grew out of the UN agencies' field experience in the 1960s and 1970s, when the top-down, mass-media model of development communication was seen to fail. The FAO, whose agricultural extension work depends on reaching farmers, set up a Development Support Communication branch and became one of the main UN bodies promoting the approach.

The ILO deals with labour standards, the IMF with monetary stability and the ITU with telecommunications standards; none of them developed this communication model.

Discuss in Forum

14.

What does 'Civil Society' mean ?

A.Social sphere in which individuals and organisations coexist
B.Everything in society that is governmental
C.Mutual understanding of government organisations and individuals
D.Everything about civilians in cantonment region

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

Civil society is the social sphere in which individuals and organisations coexist.

Civil society means the space of voluntary association between the family and the state, made up of non-governmental organisations, community groups, trade unions, professional associations and other bodies through which citizens act together.

It is defined against the state, so 'everything that is governmental' is the opposite; mutual understanding between government and individuals is not a definition of it, and it has nothing to do with civilians in cantonments.

Discuss in Forum

15.

What is India's ranking on the 2017 United Nations Human Development Index ?

A.128
B.130
C.132
D.134

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

India ranked 130.

The UNDP's Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update gave the rankings based on 2017 data, and placed India 130th of 189 countries, with an HDI value of 0.640, in the medium human development group.

The other figures are close to it, which is the trap: India had been ranked 131st in the previous report, and the next report, for 2018 data, put it at 129th. Neither 128, 132 nor 134 was India's rank for 2017.

Discuss in Forum

16.

Apart from infant mortality, literacy rate, death rate what else does PQLI include ?

A.Language efficiency
B.Life expectancy
C.Population density
D.Mother nutrition

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

The missing component is life expectancy.

The Physical Quality of Life Index, devised by Morris David Morris for the Overseas Development Council in 1979, averages three indicators, each scaled from 0 to 100: basic literacy, infant mortality and life expectancy at age one. It was designed to measure well-being directly rather than through income per head.

Language efficiency, population density and mother nutrition are not part of the index. Population density is a demographic measure, and nutrition, though linked to mortality, is not one of the three components.

Discuss in Forum

17.

Which of the following is not a Devcom project of Indian origin ?

A.KCP
B.JDCP
C.ETV
D.FDP

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: D

The keyed answer is FDP, the item the key treats as not a development communication project of Indian origin.

KCP is the Kheda Communications Project, run in Gujarat from 1975 to 1990 as a participatory, locally produced rural television project. JDCP is the Jhabua Development Communication Project, which grew out of Kheda in the mid 1990s and used satellite reception and talkback terminals in a tribal district. Both are Indian development communication projects, so neither can be the answer.

I could not find a development communication project called FDP, and the only link I found for ETV was a passing mention of educational television as a social education programme in India. So the choice between ETV and FDP rests on the key: FDP could not be identified as an Indian project, and I could not confirm what the paper means by either abbreviation.

Discuss in Forum

18.

Which of the following is not a devcom theoretical framework ?

A.Diffusion
B.Media advocacy
C.Dependency
D.Imperialism

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: D

The option that is not a devcom framework is imperialism.

Development communication theory works within recognised frameworks for how communication can bring about development: the diffusion of innovations (Everett Rogers), the dependency critique of the dominant paradigm, and strategies such as media advocacy, which uses the mass media to push for changes in policy, especially in public health.

Imperialism, in the sense of cultural or media imperialism, is a critique of the flow of media content from rich to poor countries in international communication. It explains a problem rather than offering a framework for planning development communication.

Discuss in Forum

19.

What does ICTDI stand for ?

A.Information Communication Technology Diffusion Index
B.Indian Citizen to Digital India
C.International Communication to Developing India
D.Individual Credibility Digital Index

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

ICTDI stands for the Information Communication Technology Diffusion Index.

The ICT Diffusion Index was developed by UNCTAD (the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) to measure and compare how widely information and communication technologies have spread across countries. It combines indicators of connectivity, such as internet users, telephone lines and mobile subscribers, with indicators of access, such as literacy and cost.

The other expansions are invented phrases built from the letters. 'Indian Citizen to Digital India' and 'International Communication to Developing India' borrow the name of the Digital India programme but are not the index.

Discuss in Forum

20.

Who proposed the Awareness Trial Reinforcement model ?

A.Andrew Ehrenberg
B.David Ogilvy
C.Piyush Pandey
D.Alyque Padamsee

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

The Awareness-Trial-Reinforcement model was proposed by Andrew Ehrenberg.

Ehrenberg, a British marketing scientist, put forward the ATR model in 1974 as an alternative to strong persuasion models such as AIDA. In it advertising works weakly: it creates awareness, buyers try the brand, and advertising then reinforces the habit of those who already buy it, rather than converting people by persuasion.

David Ogilvy was the founder of Ogilvy and Mather, famous for his copywriting principles; Piyush Pandey led Ogilvy in India; and Alyque Padamsee headed Lintas India. None of them proposed this model.

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