Compare List I (Theory) and List II (Scholars) and select the correct codes :List I (Theory)List II (Scholars)(a) Liberalism(1) Immanuel Kant(b) Realism(2) Kautilya(c) Critical(3) Immanuel Wallenstein(d) Dependency(4) Jurgen HabermassCodes :

The correct code is a-1, b-2, c-4, d-3.Liberalism: Immanuel Kant, whose Perpetual Peace (1795) is a founding text of liberal internationalism.Realism: Kautilya, whose Arthasastra is a classic of power politics.Critical theory: Jürgen Habermas, of the Frankfurt School.Dependency (world-systems) theory: Immanuel Wallerstein, printed 'Wallenstein'.The other codes give realism to Habermas or dependency to Kautilya, or swap the critical and dependency scholars.

International Relations Questions and Answers

Q: Which of the following initiated the idea of arms control for the first time ?

The idea of arms control was first initiated by the Hague Peace Conference of 1899.Convened at the invitation of Tsar Nicholas II, the 1899 conference was the first international meeting called to limit armaments. It did not achieve a general limitation, but it adopted declarations banning certain weapons, such as expanding bullets and projectiles discharged from balloons, and set up the Permanent Court of Arbitration.The Geneva Protocol (1925) on chemical and biological weapons, Wilson's Fourteen Points (1918, the fourth of which called for armament reductions) and the 1945 declaration all came later.

Q: Choose the correct statement about 'security dilemma' from the following. Use codes :(i) An important paradox inherent in the state system.(ii) The existence of states is to provide security of its citizens by maintaining armed forces.(iii) The existence of armed forces threatens the very security, they are expected to maintain.(iv) There is no escape from the international security dilemma because there is no possibility forming a world government.Codes :

The keyed answer is that (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are all correct.The security dilemma, described by John Herz and Herbert Butterfield, is a central paradox of the state system (i): states exist to provide security for their citizens and maintain armed forces for that purpose (ii), but each state's arms make its neighbours insecure, prompting them to arm in turn, so armed forces end up threatening the very security they are meant to maintain (iii).In the realist reading the key adopts, there is no escape from this dilemma as long as the system is anarchic, and no world government is possible to end the anarchy (iv). Every option that marks one of these statements incorrect is therefore ruled out.

Q: Which of the following pairs are correctly matched ?(a) Samuel Huntington(b) Mikhail Gorbachev(c) Henry Kissinger(1) Clash of civilization(2) Perestroika and Glasnost(3) DetenteCodes :

All three pairs, (1), (2) and (3), are correctly matched.Samuel Huntington: 'The Clash of Civilizations?' (1993) and the 1996 book that followed it.Mikhail Gorbachev: perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness), his reforms in the Soviet Union from 1985.Henry Kissinger: détente, the easing of US-Soviet tension he pursued as Nixon's National Security Adviser and Secretary of State.Since every pair is right, the codes naming only two pairs are incomplete.

Q: Who among the following is the pioneer of the theory of neo-realism ?

The pioneer of neo-realism is Kenneth Waltz.In Theory of International Politics (1979), Waltz founded structural realism or neo-realism: the behaviour of states is explained by the anarchic structure of the international system and the distribution of capabilities among states, not by human nature.Hans Morgenthau is the leading classical realist, who traced power politics to human nature. Barry Buzan developed the theory of security complexes (the Copenhagen School), and Raul Prebisch was a structuralist economist associated with dependency thinking.

Q: The speed and intensification of economic, political, social and cultural relations across international borders is known as ................ .

This is globalization.Globalization is the widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in economic, political, social and cultural life, so that events in one part of the world quickly affect others. The definition stresses intensity and speed of relations across borders, which is its defining feature.Political economy is a field of study of the relation between politics and economics, economic development is growth and structural change within an economy, and the world economy is the sum of economic activity, none of which captures the cross-border intensification of all four kinds of relations.

Q: Which imperialist country had maximum number of colonies ?

The country with the most colonies was Great Britain.At its height, around 1920, the British Empire covered about a quarter of the world's land and population, with colonies, protectorates and dominions on every continent, from India and large parts of Africa to Canada, Australia and the Caribbean.France had the second-largest empire, mainly in Africa and Indochina. Portugal and the Netherlands (Holland) were early colonial powers but held far fewer territories than Britain.

Q: Which leader of anti-colonial struggle served as President of Zambia from 1964 to 1991 ?

The leader was Kenneth Kaunda.Kaunda led the United National Independence Party in the struggle against British rule in Northern Rhodesia and became the first President of independent Zambia in 1964. He held office until 1991, when he lost the first multi-party election to Frederick Chiluba.Harry Nkumbula was an earlier Zambian nationalist leader but never President. Julius Nyerere was President of Tanzania, and Robert Mugabe led Zimbabwe.

Q: Who among the following leaders was not associated with anti-colonial struggle ?

The leader not associated with anti-colonial struggle is Daniel Lisulo.Gandhi led India's freedom movement. In Zambia, Harry Nkumbula led the African National Congress of Northern Rhodesia in the 1950s, and Kenneth Kaunda led the struggle that brought independence in 1964.Daniel Lisulo was a Zambian lawyer and politician who served as Prime Minister under Kaunda from 1978 to 1981, after independence. He is not counted among the leaders of the anti-colonial struggle, which makes him the exception among the four.

21.

Which of the following initiated the idea of arms control for the first time ?

A.Hague Peace Conference (1899)
B.Geneva Protocol of 1925
C.14 Points of Woodrow Wilson (1919)
D.Four Powers Declaration of 1945

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The idea of arms control was first initiated by the Hague Peace Conference of 1899.

Convened at the invitation of Tsar Nicholas II, the 1899 conference was the first international meeting called to limit armaments. It did not achieve a general limitation, but it adopted declarations banning certain weapons, such as expanding bullets and projectiles discharged from balloons, and set up the Permanent Court of Arbitration.

The Geneva Protocol (1925) on chemical and biological weapons, Wilson's Fourteen Points (1918, the fourth of which called for armament reductions) and the 1945 declaration all came later.

Discuss in Forum

22.

Choose the correct statement about 'security dilemma' from the following. Use codes :

(i) An important paradox inherent in the state system.
(ii) The existence of states is to provide security of its citizens by maintaining armed forces.
(iii) The existence of armed forces threatens the very security, they are expected to maintain.
(iv) There is no escape from the international security dilemma because there is no possibility forming a world government.

Codes :

A.(i), (ii), (iii) are correct and (iv) is incorrect
B.(i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are correct
C.(i), (ii) are correct and (iii), (iv) are incorrect
D.(i), (ii), (iv) are correct and (iii) is incorrect

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

The keyed answer is that (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are all correct.

The security dilemma, described by John Herz and Herbert Butterfield, is a central paradox of the state system (i): states exist to provide security for their citizens and maintain armed forces for that purpose (ii), but each state's arms make its neighbours insecure, prompting them to arm in turn, so armed forces end up threatening the very security they are meant to maintain (iii).

In the realist reading the key adopts, there is no escape from this dilemma as long as the system is anarchic, and no world government is possible to end the anarchy (iv). Every option that marks one of these statements incorrect is therefore ruled out.

Discuss in Forum

23.

Compare List I (Theory) and List II (Scholars) and select the correct codes :

List I (Theory)	List II (Scholars)
(a) Liberalism	(1) Immanuel Kant
(b) Realism	(2) Kautilya
(c) Critical	(3) Immanuel Wallenstein
(d) Dependency	(4) Jurgen Habermass

Codes :

A.a-1, b-4, c-3, d-2
B.a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1
C.a-1, b-2, c-4, d-3
D.a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

The correct code is a-1, b-2, c-4, d-3.

Liberalism: Immanuel Kant, whose Perpetual Peace (1795) is a founding text of liberal internationalism.
Realism: Kautilya, whose Arthasastra is a classic of power politics.
Critical theory: Jürgen Habermas, of the Frankfurt School.
Dependency (world-systems) theory: Immanuel Wallerstein, printed 'Wallenstein'.

The other codes give realism to Habermas or dependency to Kautilya, or swap the critical and dependency scholars.

Discuss in Forum

24.

Which of the following pairs are correctly matched ?

(a) Samuel Huntington
(b) Mikhail Gorbachev
(c) Henry Kissinger

(1) Clash of civilization
(2) Perestroika and Glasnost
(3) Detente

Codes :

A.(1) and (2)
B.(1) and (3)
C.(2) and (3)
D.(1), (2) and (3)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

All three pairs, (1), (2) and (3), are correctly matched.

Samuel Huntington: 'The Clash of Civilizations?' (1993) and the 1996 book that followed it.
Mikhail Gorbachev: perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness), his reforms in the Soviet Union from 1985.
Henry Kissinger: détente, the easing of US-Soviet tension he pursued as Nixon's National Security Adviser and Secretary of State.

Since every pair is right, the codes naming only two pairs are incomplete.

Discuss in Forum

25.

Who among the following is the pioneer of the theory of neo-realism ?

A.Kenneth Waltz
B.Hans Morgenthau
C.Barry Buzan
D.Raul Prebisch

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The pioneer of neo-realism is Kenneth Waltz.

In Theory of International Politics (1979), Waltz founded structural realism or neo-realism: the behaviour of states is explained by the anarchic structure of the international system and the distribution of capabilities among states, not by human nature.

Hans Morgenthau is the leading classical realist, who traced power politics to human nature. Barry Buzan developed the theory of security complexes (the Copenhagen School), and Raul Prebisch was a structuralist economist associated with dependency thinking.

Discuss in Forum

26.

The speed and intensification of economic, political, social and cultural relations across international borders is known as ................ .

A.Political economy
B.Economic development
C.Globalization
D.World economy

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

This is globalization.

Globalization is the widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in economic, political, social and cultural life, so that events in one part of the world quickly affect others. The definition stresses intensity and speed of relations across borders, which is its defining feature.

Political economy is a field of study of the relation between politics and economics, economic development is growth and structural change within an economy, and the world economy is the sum of economic activity, none of which captures the cross-border intensification of all four kinds of relations.

Discuss in Forum

27.

Which imperialist country had maximum number of colonies ?

A.Great Britain
B.France
C.Portugal
D.Holland

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The country with the most colonies was Great Britain.

At its height, around 1920, the British Empire covered about a quarter of the world's land and population, with colonies, protectorates and dominions on every continent, from India and large parts of Africa to Canada, Australia and the Caribbean.

France had the second-largest empire, mainly in Africa and Indochina. Portugal and the Netherlands (Holland) were early colonial powers but held far fewer territories than Britain.

Discuss in Forum

28.

Which leader of anti-colonial struggle served as President of Zambia from 1964 to 1991 ?

A.Kenneth Kaunda
B.Harry Nkumbula
C.Julius Nyerere
D.Robert Mugabe

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The leader was Kenneth Kaunda.

Kaunda led the United National Independence Party in the struggle against British rule in Northern Rhodesia and became the first President of independent Zambia in 1964. He held office until 1991, when he lost the first multi-party election to Frederick Chiluba.

Harry Nkumbula was an earlier Zambian nationalist leader but never President. Julius Nyerere was President of Tanzania, and Robert Mugabe led Zimbabwe.

Discuss in Forum

29.

Who among the following leaders was not associated with anti-colonial struggle ?

A.Mahatma Gandhi
B.Kenneth Kaunda
C.Harry Nkumbula
D.Daniel Lisulo

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: D

The leader not associated with anti-colonial struggle is Daniel Lisulo.

Gandhi led India's freedom movement. In Zambia, Harry Nkumbula led the African National Congress of Northern Rhodesia in the 1950s, and Kenneth Kaunda led the struggle that brought independence in 1964.

Daniel Lisulo was a Zambian lawyer and politician who served as Prime Minister under Kaunda from 1978 to 1981, after independence. He is not counted among the leaders of the anti-colonial struggle, which makes him the exception among the four.

Discuss in Forum

30.

Which of the following principles of the WTO applies specifically to the developing countries ?

A.Special and differential treatment
B.Reciprocity and non-discrimination
C.Predictability through transparency
D.Equal treatment to locally produced and foreign goods

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The principle that applies specifically to developing countries is Special and differential treatment.

The WTO agreements contain special and differential treatment provisions that give developing and least-developed countries longer periods to implement commitments, more favourable market access and technical assistance. They apply only to these countries.

Reciprocity and non-discrimination, predictability through transparency, and national treatment (equal treatment of local and imported goods) are general principles that apply to all WTO members.

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