Conflict Resolution Questions and Answers

Q: (1) : Peace operations are shaped by the political imperative to manage public opinion.(2) : This imperative is generated by political sensitivity to casualties, particularly in what are essentially wars of choice.Codes :

The keyed answer is (1) and (2) are correct and (2) supports the statement (1).Statement (1) says modern peace operations are shaped by the need to manage public opinion at home, which is widely observed: governments contributing troops to peacekeeping or peace enforcement worry about how the mission is seen by their voters.Statement (2) gives the reason. Such missions are usually 'wars of choice', not fought for national survival, so the public's tolerance for casualties is low, and governments become politically sensitive to losses. That sensitivity creates the need to manage opinion, so (2) supports (1). The options calling either statement incorrect are therefore wrong.

Q: United Nations "Uniting for Peace" resolution was adopted in the background of which International crisis ?

The resolution was adopted against the background of the Korean War.The Uniting for Peace resolution, Resolution 377(V) of November 1950, was adopted by the General Assembly when Soviet vetoes were blocking Security Council action over Korea. It provides that if the Security Council fails to act because the permanent members cannot agree, the General Assembly may consider the matter and recommend collective measures, including the use of force.The other crises came later: the India-China war of 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 and the Arab-Israeli war of 1967.

Q: Who argued in a report to the Security Council "Peace should be pursued only through non-military methods" ?

The University's key gives Boutros Boutros Ghali.Boutros-Ghali, then UN Secretary-General, wrote An Agenda for Peace (1992) at the request of a Security Council summit. The report is built around preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, peacekeeping and post-conflict peace-building, which are mostly non-military instruments, so it is the natural author for a question about a report to the Security Council on pursuing peace.The wording of the stem could not be confirmed against the report. The report also proposed peace-enforcement units, so "only through non-military methods" is at best a loose paraphrase of it. I found no source that attributes the sentence to Kofi Annan or Ban Ki-moon either, and nothing shows "None of the above" to be right, so the key is kept; read it as the best available attribution rather than a verified quotation.

Q: Which one of the following is not a method of pacific settlements of disputes ?

The answer is Military Intervention.Article 33 of the UN Charter lists the means of pacific (peaceful) settlement of disputes: negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of the parties' choice.Arbitration, negotiation and mediation are all on that list. Military intervention is a coercive use of force and so is the opposite of pacific settlement; under the Charter it can be lawful only in self-defence or with Security Council authorisation under Chapter VII.

Q: Under UNSC Resolution 794 UNITAF was mandated in ............

UNITAF was mandated in Somalia.Security Council resolution 794 of 3 December 1992 authorised, under Chapter VII, a US-led Unified Task Force (UNITAF), known as Operation Restore Hope, to use all necessary means to create a secure environment for humanitarian relief in famine-hit Somalia. It handed over to UNOSOM II in 1993.Rwanda (spelt 'Rawanda' in the paper) saw UNAMIR, Bosnia saw UNPROFOR, and Afghanistan saw the NATO-led ISAF from 2001; UNITAF operated in none of them.

Q: What is peace-keeping activities ?

Peace-keeping is the UN monitoring of ceasefires and separating combatants.Traditional UN peacekeeping deploys impartial, lightly armed forces with the consent of the parties to supervise a ceasefire and keep the warring sides apart, as in UNEF in Sinai (1956) or UNFICYP in Cyprus.Bringing the parties to negotiation is peacemaking, a diplomatic activity, not peacekeeping, so options B and D describe a different function. Option C, merely observing ceasefires, is only part of the task; peacekeeping also interposes forces between combatants, which option A captures.

Q: Which statement is not true about "Structural Violence" ?

The statement that is not true is Justification of violence on cultural ground is structural violence.In Galtung's terms, justifying or legitimising violence through religion, ideology or culture is cultural violence, a separate category from structural violence.The other three statements are true of structural violence: Galtung defines it as the gap between people's potential and their actual condition when that gap is avoidable (A); it is built into social structures, so the subject-object-action relation is hard to see (C); and there is no identifiable actor who commits it (D).

Q: Which among the following is not an Intergovernmental Organisation (IGO) ?

Amnesty International is not an intergovernmental organisation.An IGO is formed by a treaty among states, which are its members. Amnesty International, founded in London in 1961, is a non-governmental organisation (NGO) whose members are individuals and which campaigns on human rights independently of governments.The United Nations, the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organisation were all created by agreements among states and have states as their members, so all three are IGOs.

Q: Gandhian Satyagrah :(i) is a pacific means to settle disputes(ii) believes in the end justifies means(iii) believes in the close connection between means and end

Statements i and iii are correct, so the answer is Only (i) and (iii) are correct.Gandhi's satyagraha is a peaceful (pacific) method of resolving conflict through truth and non-violence (i). Gandhi insisted that means and ends are inseparable, comparing the means to a seed and the end to the tree, so impure means cannot produce a pure end (iii).Statement ii, that the end justifies the means, is precisely the doctrine Gandhi rejected, which rules out options A and C; option B fails because i and iii are correct.

21.

(1) : Peace operations are shaped by the political imperative to manage public opinion.
(2) : This imperative is generated by political sensitivity to casualties, particularly in what are essentially wars of choice.

Codes :

A.(1) and (2) are correct and (2) supports the statement (1)
B.(1) and (2) are incorrect
C.(1) is correct and (2) is incorrect
D.(1) is incorrect and (2) is correct

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

The keyed answer is (1) and (2) are correct and (2) supports the statement (1).

Statement (1) says modern peace operations are shaped by the need to manage public opinion at home, which is widely observed: governments contributing troops to peacekeeping or peace enforcement worry about how the mission is seen by their voters.

Statement (2) gives the reason. Such missions are usually 'wars of choice', not fought for national survival, so the public's tolerance for casualties is low, and governments become politically sensitive to losses. That sensitivity creates the need to manage opinion, so (2) supports (1). The options calling either statement incorrect are therefore wrong.

Discuss in Forum

22.

United Nations "Uniting for Peace" resolution was adopted in the background of which International crisis ?

A.India-China War
B.Korean War
C.Cuban Missile Crisis
D.Arab-Israeli War of 1967

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

The resolution was adopted against the background of the Korean War.

The Uniting for Peace resolution, Resolution 377(V) of November 1950, was adopted by the General Assembly when Soviet vetoes were blocking Security Council action over Korea. It provides that if the Security Council fails to act because the permanent members cannot agree, the General Assembly may consider the matter and recommend collective measures, including the use of force.

The other crises came later: the India-China war of 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 and the Arab-Israeli war of 1967.

Discuss in Forum

23.

Who argued in a report to the Security Council "Peace should be pursued only through non-military methods" ?

A.Boutros Boutros Ghali
B.Kofi Annan
C.Ban Ki Moon
D.None of the above

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: A

The University's key gives Boutros Boutros Ghali.

Boutros-Ghali, then UN Secretary-General, wrote An Agenda for Peace (1992) at the request of a Security Council summit. The report is built around preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, peacekeeping and post-conflict peace-building, which are mostly non-military instruments, so it is the natural author for a question about a report to the Security Council on pursuing peace.

The wording of the stem could not be confirmed against the report. The report also proposed peace-enforcement units, so "only through non-military methods" is at best a loose paraphrase of it. I found no source that attributes the sentence to Kofi Annan or Ban Ki-moon either, and nothing shows "None of the above" to be right, so the key is kept; read it as the best available attribution rather than a verified quotation.

Discuss in Forum

24.

Which one of the following is not a method of pacific settlements of disputes ?

A.Arbitration
B.Negotiations
C.Mediations
D.Military Intervention

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: D

The answer is Military Intervention.

Article 33 of the UN Charter lists the means of pacific (peaceful) settlement of disputes: negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of the parties' choice.

Arbitration, negotiation and mediation are all on that list. Military intervention is a coercive use of force and so is the opposite of pacific settlement; under the Charter it can be lawful only in self-defence or with Security Council authorisation under Chapter VII.

Discuss in Forum

25.

Under UNSC Resolution 794 UNITAF was mandated in ............

A.Somalia
B.Rawanda
C.Bosnia
D.Afghanistan

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: A

UNITAF was mandated in Somalia.

Security Council resolution 794 of 3 December 1992 authorised, under Chapter VII, a US-led Unified Task Force (UNITAF), known as Operation Restore Hope, to use all necessary means to create a secure environment for humanitarian relief in famine-hit Somalia. It handed over to UNOSOM II in 1993.

Rwanda (spelt 'Rawanda' in the paper) saw UNAMIR, Bosnia saw UNPROFOR, and Afghanistan saw the NATO-led ISAF from 2001; UNITAF operated in none of them.

Discuss in Forum

26.

What is peace-keeping activities ?

A.The UN Monitoring of ceasefires and separating combatants
B.The UN bringing combatants to negotiation
C.The UN observing the ceasefires
D.The UN bringing the nation states to negotiation

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

Peace-keeping is the UN monitoring of ceasefires and separating combatants.

Traditional UN peacekeeping deploys impartial, lightly armed forces with the consent of the parties to supervise a ceasefire and keep the warring sides apart, as in UNEF in Sinai (1956) or UNFICYP in Cyprus.

Bringing the parties to negotiation is peacemaking, a diplomatic activity, not peacekeeping, so options B and D describe a different function. Option C, merely observing ceasefires, is only part of the task; peacekeeping also interposes forces between combatants, which option A captures.

Discuss in Forum

27.

What is "Positive Peace" ?

(i) It goes beyond law and order.
(ii) It aims at providing wide range of welfare services.
(iii) It aims at creating a Police State.

A.All three are correct
B.All three are wrong
C.Only (i) and (ii) are correct
D.Only (i) and (iii) are correct

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

Statements i and ii describe positive peace, so the answer is Only (i) and (ii) are correct.

Johan Galtung distinguished negative peace, the mere absence of direct violence, from positive peace, the presence of justice and of conditions in which people can meet their needs. Positive peace therefore goes beyond law and order (i) and calls for social justice and welfare (ii).

A police state (iii) maintains order through coercion and is the opposite of positive peace, which rules out options A and D; option B fails because i and ii are correct.

Discuss in Forum

28.

Which statement is not true about "Structural Violence" ?

A.Difference between actual and potential is structural violence
B.Justification of violence on cultural ground is structural violence
C.Subject-object-action is not easily discernible
D.Actor or perpetrator of violence cannot be easily identified

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: B

The statement that is not true is Justification of violence on cultural ground is structural violence.

In Galtung's terms, justifying or legitimising violence through religion, ideology or culture is cultural violence, a separate category from structural violence.

The other three statements are true of structural violence: Galtung defines it as the gap between people's potential and their actual condition when that gap is avoidable (A); it is built into social structures, so the subject-object-action relation is hard to see (C); and there is no identifiable actor who commits it (D).

Discuss in Forum

29.

Which among the following is not an Intergovernmental Organisation (IGO) ?

A.United Nations (UN)
B.International Monetary Fund (IMF)
C.Amnesty International
D.World Trade Organisation (WTO)

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

Amnesty International is not an intergovernmental organisation.

An IGO is formed by a treaty among states, which are its members. Amnesty International, founded in London in 1961, is a non-governmental organisation (NGO) whose members are individuals and which campaigns on human rights independently of governments.

The United Nations, the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organisation were all created by agreements among states and have states as their members, so all three are IGOs.

Discuss in Forum

30.

Gandhian Satyagrah :

(i) is a pacific means to settle disputes
(ii) believes in the end justifies means
(iii) believes in the close connection between means and end

A.All three are correct
B.All three are wrong
C.Only (i) and (ii) are correct
D.Only (i) and (iii) are correct

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: D

Statements i and iii are correct, so the answer is Only (i) and (iii) are correct.

Gandhi's satyagraha is a peaceful (pacific) method of resolving conflict through truth and non-violence (i). Gandhi insisted that means and ends are inseparable, comparing the means to a seed and the end to the tree, so impure means cannot produce a pure end (iii).

Statement ii, that the end justifies the means, is precisely the doctrine Gandhi rejected, which rules out options A and C; option B fails because i and iii are correct.

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