Conflict Resolution Questions and Answers

Q: Who amongst the following propounded the concept of structural violence ?

The concept of structural violence was propounded by Johan Galtung.In his article 'Violence, Peace, and Peace Research' (1969), the Norwegian founder of peace research distinguished direct violence, done by one actor to another, from structural violence: harm built into social structures, such as poverty, exploitation and unequal access to resources, which prevents people from meeting their basic needs. From this came his ideas of negative and positive peace.Frank is known for dependency theory, Kofi Annan was UN Secretary-General, and Barry Buzan for the concept of securitisation and regional security complexes.

Q: The concept of Confidence Building measures germinated from which one of the following ?

The concept germinated from the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in 1975.The Helsinki Final Act of the CSCE (1975) contained a document on confidence-building measures, which required the prior notification of major military manoeuvres and the voluntary exchange of observers. These were the first formal CBMs, meant to reduce the risk of war through misunderstanding between the two Cold War blocs.The Canberra Commission (1996) dealt with the elimination of nuclear weapons, the Atlantic Charter (1941) set out Allied war aims, and the Brundtland Commission (1987) defined sustainable development.

Q: Confidence Building Measures (CBM) were first conceptualised in the wake of which of the following conflicts ?

CBMs were first conceptualised in the wake of the Cold War.Confidence-building measures grew out of the East-West confrontation in Europe, where the danger was that a misread military exercise could set off war between the blocs. The CSCE's Helsinki Final Act of 1975 set out the first formal measures: advance notice of large manoeuvres and invitations to observers. Earlier steps such as the US-Soviet hotline of 1963 came from the same setting.India and Pakistan, and India and China, later adopted CBMs of their own, but the concept was borrowed from the European Cold War experience, not born from those wars or from Vietnam.

Q: Collective Security System is :

The keyed answer is Techniques of presentation of Peace, that is, a technique for the preservation of peace.Collective security is an arrangement in which all members agree that an attack on one is an attack on all and will act together against any aggressor. Its purpose is to deter aggression and so keep the peace, as the League of Nations and the UN Charter's Chapter VII intended.It differs from the balance of power, which relies on rival alliances rather than a universal commitment, and it is a system of the international community rather than a single state's national security strategy or an ordinary part of diplomacy.

Q: Which one of the following is not correct in respect of collective security theory ?

The statement that is not correct is The aggressor is always right.Collective security assumes that aggression is wrong and must be resisted by all. Its premises are that an aggressor can be identified, that the aggressor must be stopped by the combined power of the community, and that the certainty of this response restrains states from military action and so prevents war.Saying that the aggressor is always right contradicts the whole idea, which is built on treating aggression as a breach of the peace to be punished.

Q: Humanitarian intervention :(i) is a military intervention carried out in pursuit of humanitarian rather than strategic objectives(ii) presumes the acceptance of such universal doctrines as human rights(iii) gets support from the people as it is fought for a moral cause

Only (i) and (ii) are correct.Humanitarian intervention is military intervention in another state to prevent or end large-scale suffering, such as genocide or mass atrocities, pursued for humanitarian rather than strategic ends (i). It presupposes the acceptance of universal moral standards such as human rights, which can override the norm of non-intervention (ii).Statement (iii) is not part of the concept: such interventions are often controversial at home and abroad, and public support is not guaranteed by a moral cause. So the codes including (iii) are wrong, and 'only (i)' leaves out (ii).

Q: Who wrote the book "Common Security : A Program for Disarmament" ?

Common Security: A Programme for Disarmament is associated with Olof Palme.It was the 1982 report of the Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues, chaired by the Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme and therefore known as the Palme Commission. It argued that in the nuclear age security cannot be achieved against an adversary but only together with it.Nehru, Kennedy and the textbook authors Palmer and Perkins did not write this report.

Q: An arms embargo is an embargo that doesn't apply :

An arms embargo does not apply to banning the export, import and trade activities in general.An arms embargo is a restriction on the transfer of weapons and military equipment to or from a particular state or group. It is imposed to signal disapproval of an actor's behaviour, to maintain neutrality in a conflict, or to limit the resources an actor has to inflict violence on others, which are options A, C and D.A ban on all export, import and trade is a general trade embargo, which goes beyond an arms embargo. So option B describes what an arms embargo does not cover.

Q: Most of the UN Peace-Keeping Operations are implemented by the UN itself with troops serving under the UN operational command. Which of the following regional organizations have also been authorized in such operations ?

The answer is that all of them have been involved and can get UN authorisation to implement peace-keeping.Under Chapter VIII of the UN Charter, the Security Council can authorise regional arrangements to act. NATO led the UN-authorised forces in Bosnia (IFOR and SFOR) and Afghanistan (ISAF), the Economic Community of West African States deployed ECOMOG in Liberia and Sierra Leone, and coalitions of willing states have been authorised for missions such as INTERFET in East Timor.Since each of the three has been authorised, choosing only one of them is incomplete.

Q: UNMOGIP was established for which two countries ?

UNMOGIP was set up for India and Pakistan (Kashmir).The United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan grew out of the UN Commission for India and Pakistan and its first observers arrived in January 1949, after the first Kashmir war. Its task is to observe the ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir, and it is one of the oldest UN peacekeeping missions still in place.The Russia-Georgia (Abkhazia) mission was UNOMIG, which ended in 2009. The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia had no UN peacekeeping force of this kind. With the correct pair listed, 'None of the above' is wrong.

Who amongst the following propounded the concept of structural violence ?

A.A.G. Frank
B.Kofi Annan
C.Johan Galtung
D.Barry Buzan

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

The concept of structural violence was propounded by Johan Galtung.

In his article 'Violence, Peace, and Peace Research' (1969), the Norwegian founder of peace research distinguished direct violence, done by one actor to another, from structural violence: harm built into social structures, such as poverty, exploitation and unequal access to resources, which prevents people from meeting their basic needs. From this came his ideas of negative and positive peace.

Frank is known for dependency theory, Kofi Annan was UN Secretary-General, and Barry Buzan for the concept of securitisation and regional security complexes.

Discuss in Forum

The concept of Confidence Building measures germinated from which one of the following ?

A.Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in 1975
B.Canberra Commission
C.Atlantic Charter
D.Brundtland Commission

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The concept germinated from the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in 1975.

The Helsinki Final Act of the CSCE (1975) contained a document on confidence-building measures, which required the prior notification of major military manoeuvres and the voluntary exchange of observers. These were the first formal CBMs, meant to reduce the risk of war through misunderstanding between the two Cold War blocs.

The Canberra Commission (1996) dealt with the elimination of nuclear weapons, the Atlantic Charter (1941) set out Allied war aims, and the Brundtland Commission (1987) defined sustainable development.

Discuss in Forum

Confidence Building Measures (CBM) were first conceptualised in the wake of which of the following conflicts ?

A.India-Pakistan War of 1965
B.Sino-Indian Conflict of 1962
C.Vietnam War
D.Cold War

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

CBMs were first conceptualised in the wake of the Cold War.

Confidence-building measures grew out of the East-West confrontation in Europe, where the danger was that a misread military exercise could set off war between the blocs. The CSCE's Helsinki Final Act of 1975 set out the first formal measures: advance notice of large manoeuvres and invitations to observers. Earlier steps such as the US-Soviet hotline of 1963 came from the same setting.

India and Pakistan, and India and China, later adopted CBMs of their own, but the concept was borrowed from the European Cold War experience, not born from those wars or from Vietnam.

Discuss in Forum

Collective Security System is :

A.Techniques of presentation of Peace
B.Strategy of National Security
C.Technique of Balance of Power
D.Part of Diplomacy

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The keyed answer is Techniques of presentation of Peace, that is, a technique for the preservation of peace.

Collective security is an arrangement in which all members agree that an attack on one is an attack on all and will act together against any aggressor. Its purpose is to deter aggression and so keep the peace, as the League of Nations and the UN Charter's Chapter VII intended.

It differs from the balance of power, which relies on rival alliances rather than a universal commitment, and it is a system of the international community rather than a single state's national security strategy or an ordinary part of diplomacy.

Discuss in Forum

Which one of the following is not correct in respect of collective security theory ?

A.The aggressor is always right
B.Aggressor must be stopped
C.Wars are prevented by restraint of military action
D.The aggressor is easily identified

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The statement that is not correct is The aggressor is always right.

Collective security assumes that aggression is wrong and must be resisted by all. Its premises are that an aggressor can be identified, that the aggressor must be stopped by the combined power of the community, and that the certainty of this response restrains states from military action and so prevents war.

Saying that the aggressor is always right contradicts the whole idea, which is built on treating aggression as a breach of the peace to be punished.

Discuss in Forum

Humanitarian intervention :

(i) is a military intervention carried out in pursuit of humanitarian rather than strategic objectives
(ii) presumes the acceptance of such universal doctrines as human rights
(iii) gets support from the people as it is fought for a moral cause

A.Only (i) is correct
B.Only (i) and (ii) are correct
C.Only (ii) and (iii) are correct
D.All three are correct

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

Only (i) and (ii) are correct.

Humanitarian intervention is military intervention in another state to prevent or end large-scale suffering, such as genocide or mass atrocities, pursued for humanitarian rather than strategic ends (i). It presupposes the acceptance of universal moral standards such as human rights, which can override the norm of non-intervention (ii).

Statement (iii) is not part of the concept: such interventions are often controversial at home and abroad, and public support is not guaranteed by a moral cause. So the codes including (iii) are wrong, and 'only (i)' leaves out (ii).

Discuss in Forum

Who wrote the book "Common Security : A Program for Disarmament" ?

A.Jawahar Lal Nehru
B.John F. Kennedy
C.Olof Palme
D.Palmers and Perkins

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

Common Security: A Programme for Disarmament is associated with Olof Palme.

It was the 1982 report of the Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues, chaired by the Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme and therefore known as the Palme Commission. It argued that in the nuclear age security cannot be achieved against an adversary but only together with it.

Nehru, Kennedy and the textbook authors Palmer and Perkins did not write this report.

Discuss in Forum

An arms embargo is an embargo that doesn't apply :

A.To signal disapproval of behaviour by a certain actor
B.To ban the export and import and trade activities
C.To maintain neutral standing in an ongoing conflict
D.To limit the resources, an actor has to inflict violence on others

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

An arms embargo does not apply to banning the export, import and trade activities in general.

An arms embargo is a restriction on the transfer of weapons and military equipment to or from a particular state or group. It is imposed to signal disapproval of an actor's behaviour, to maintain neutrality in a conflict, or to limit the resources an actor has to inflict violence on others, which are options A, C and D.

A ban on all export, import and trade is a general trade embargo, which goes beyond an arms embargo. So option B describes what an arms embargo does not cover.

Discuss in Forum

Most of the UN Peace-Keeping Operations are implemented by the UN itself with troops serving under the UN operational command. Which of the following regional organizations have also been authorized in such operations ?

A.North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
B.Economic Community of West African States
C.Coalition of willing countries to implement peace-keeping operations
D.All of them have been involved and can get the UN authorization to implement peace-keeping

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

The answer is that all of them have been involved and can get UN authorisation to implement peace-keeping.

Under Chapter VIII of the UN Charter, the Security Council can authorise regional arrangements to act. NATO led the UN-authorised forces in Bosnia (IFOR and SFOR) and Afghanistan (ISAF), the Economic Community of West African States deployed ECOMOG in Liberia and Sierra Leone, and coalitions of willing states have been authorised for missions such as INTERFET in East Timor.

Since each of the three has been authorised, choosing only one of them is incomplete.

Discuss in Forum

10.

UNMOGIP was established for which two countries ?

A.India-Pakistan (Kashmir)
B.Russia-Georgia (Abkhazia)
C.Azerbajan-Armenia (Nagorno-Karabakh)
D.None of the above

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

UNMOGIP was set up for India and Pakistan (Kashmir).

The United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan grew out of the UN Commission for India and Pakistan and its first observers arrived in January 1949, after the first Kashmir war. Its task is to observe the ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir, and it is one of the oldest UN peacekeeping missions still in place.

The Russia-Georgia (Abkhazia) mission was UNOMIG, which ended in 2009. The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia had no UN peacekeeping force of this kind. With the correct pair listed, 'None of the above' is wrong.

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